Question

PLEASE ANSWER ALL

1. Compare insulin and thyroid signaling Type of ligand
Type of receptor
Feedback regulation

Release of hormone Genes regulated Intracellular signaling

2) What are the consequences to the body under the following circumstances
Low dietary Iodine
High fructose diet

Loss of beta cells in the pancreas

3) What would happen to the menstrual cycle if we blocked the LH receptor

Answer 1

1.

• Insulin is the major hormone controlling critical energy functions such as glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IR), which phosphorylates and recruits different substrate adaptors such as the IRS family of proteins.

• The signaling pathway for thyroid hormone, triggered by the binding of thyroid hormone to the thyroxine hormone receptor, initiates a subsequent response and is regulated by several factors.Unlike some other nuclear receptors, TR regulates transcription either by forming homodimers or by forming heterodimers.

2.

• Low dietary iodine can cause goitre in individuals. An iodine deficiency can cause uncomfortable and even severe symptoms. They include swelling in the neck, pregnancy-related issues, weight gain and learning difficulties. Its symptoms are very similar to those of hypothyroidism, or low thyroid hormones
• High fructose diet cause insulin resistance, which can lead to obesity and type II diabetes. Fructose doesn't suppress appetite as much as glucose does. As a result, it might promote overeating. Excess fructose consumption may cause leptin resistance, disturbing body fat regulation and contributing to obesity.
• Pancreatic beta cells damage- Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by a beta cell-specific autoimmune process. ... Beta cell autoantigens are thought to be released from beta cells by cellular turnover or damage and are processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen-presenting cells.

3.

• Blocking of the receptor of LH can cause reduced action LH on the body and hence cause defective ovulation.Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH (LH surge) triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.Low levels of LH can indicate secondary ovarian failure. This means another part of your body causes ovarian failure. In many cases, this is the result of problems with the areas of your brain that make hormones, such as the pituitary gland.