Question

How does one distinguish the new global terrorism from terrorism that occurred in the 1960s and before? What characteristics are new and what attributes have remained the same?

Answer 1

The undertaking of characterizing psychological warfare is confounded, however totally important in request to build up an adequate comprehension of this marvel and to bargain with it adequately. The intricacy of characterizing fear mongering has numerous viewpoints. It emerges from the assortment of gatherings who have utilized savagery to impart fear. There have additionally been a wide range of legitimizations given for the utilization of this savagery (that we may naturally characterize as 'psychological warfare'), and there have been a wide range of invested individuals characterizing psychological warfare, each having their own sees and much of the time personal stakes with a certain goal in mind of characterizing 'psychological warfare'. Subsequently, it isn't that astounding that there are well more than 100 different meanings of 'fear based oppression' in existence.So as to characterize 'fear based oppression' for the motivations behind this examination, it is helpful in the first place a short chronicled knowledge. The utilization of viciousness with the point of making dread in a more extensive crowd in request to keep different gatherings from accomplishing something, or, despite what might be expected, to force them into a specific conduct, is as old as humanity. Such utilization of viciousness has served states and different systems over an extensive stretch of time.

The term 'psychological oppression' starts from Latin word 'terrere' that way 'to startle'. It acquired its advanced structure 'psychological oppression' during the Reign of Terror in France from 1793–1794. In Maximilien Robespierre's words:

'… dread is nothing other than equity, immediate, serious, rigid; it is along these lines a spread of ideals; it isn't such a lot of an uncommon guideline as it is a result of the general rule of vote based system applied to our nation's most dire needs'

States just as non-state bodies have utilized dread as their weapon of decision
for quite a while, and as a chronicled procedure the utilization of dread may have its claim dynamic and regularities. Hence, one can ask whether such regularities or cycles have been watched. Have changes in social request, convictions or a few significant occasions brought along explicit increments and diminishes in the event of non-state psychological warfare? David Rapoport has sketched out four significant rushes of worldwide fear based oppression
in his fundamental work on the historical backdrop of global psychological warfare. The main ('revolutionary') influx of present day psychological warfare started in Russia during the 1880s and kept going until the 1920s, the second ('anticolonial') wave started during the 1920s and finished during the 1960s, the third ('new left') wave started during the 1960s and proceeded through to the 1980s, and the fourth ('strict') wave rose in 1979 and proceeds until today. The 'rebel' wave of fear based oppression became out of the profound disappointment of rebels with the moderate changes of social orders and an acknowledgment that the attemptsof progressives to touch off uprisings (and in this way dispatch changes of the social request) through different works were wasteful. Revolutionaries seen social orders as being fastened by different shows and looked for demonstrations of fear to wreck these shows. Their objective was to compel those shielding governments to react to fear in manners that would undermine the principles which governments professed to regard. So as to accomplish the disproportional reaction of governments, fear based oppressors focused on different high positioning authorities and even heads of state. Right now, power utilized by specialists would captivate social orders and uprising would follow. The weapon of decision of these first fear based oppressors became explosive and it as a rule murdered the assaulting psychological oppressor simultaneously.

The high purpose of the main flood of fear based oppression landed in 1890s and it proceeded even past the primary wave – until 1940. This period could be called the 'Brilliant Age of Assassinations' and during that period one significant European clergyman or head of state was killed at regular intervals. The first time of universal psychological oppression additionally saw the main endeavor by states to handle psychological warfare all inclusive after the death of the US President William
McKinley in 1901. It flopped as states couldn't produce agreement for joint
activity.

The second flood of psychological warfare got broad help from different diasporas abroad and turn significantly less to deaths. The methodology of the second influx of dread was increasingly muddled: the essential objective of fear based oppressors was the disposal of the neighborhood police power and accomplishing its substitution by possessing military powers that were required to be excessively cumbersome in managing fear based oppressors, yet amazing enough to cause complaint among the populace through their lopsided reactions to the activities of psychological militants . During the 'anticolonial' wave of fear mongering it turned into a typical practice to call psychological oppressors battling against pilgrim powers 'political dissidents' The event of 'new left' psychological oppression was invigorated by the Vietnam War, which apparently proved that advanced states were powerless against generally unsophisticated weapons and strategies. Numerous youngsters became profoundly disappointed with the current framework and they offered ascend to fear associations, for example, the Red Army Faction in the West Germany, Italian Red Units and French Action Directe.

The objective choice of the third rush of fear based oppressors was strikingly comparative to those of the primary influx of worldwide fear based oppression: noticeable targets turned out to be extremely well known once more. The 'new left' rush of psychological warfare created a few 700 hijackings, there were 409 worldwide capturing episodes including 951 prisoners from 1968–1982, killed high-positioning authorities included the executives of Spain and Jordan, the previous PM of Italy Aldo Moro and others. Be that as it may, while revolutionaries killed authorities with the point of inciting lopsided reaction, the 'new left' psychological oppressors Or maybe 'rebuffed' their objectives for different reasons. It is huge that 1/3 ofall focuses of the third flood of fear mongering were US targets.

The third rush of psychological warfare saw significantly more universal collaboration in counterterrorism exercises. The UN embraced significant shows that prohibited seizing, prisoner taking, and financing fear mongers. 'Opportunity warrior' was never again a well known term in the UN. Incomprehensibly, the Palestine Freedom Organization that had utilized psychological oppression to advance its strategies got official UN status and was perceived by in excess of 100 states. The 'strict' influx of psychological oppression has Islam at its heart. It started in 1979 at the point when three occasions happened: The Iranian Revolution, the Soviet attack of Afghanistan and another Islamic century started. Iran considered the US the 'Incomparable Satan' and the war in Afghanistan assisted with making a preparation and Islamic influence framework for volunteers from everywhere throughout the Arab world.
The 'strict' rush of psychological warfare has offered noticeable quality to suicide fear based oppression and saw an endeavor to cause mass setbacks by the utilization of concoction weapons by the Aum Shinrikyo faction in Tokyo in 1995. In 1983 the Shia association Hezbollah bolstered by Iran did gigantic suicide psychological militant assaults on the places of the US Marines and French paratroopers in Lebanon. These assaults brought about genuine setbacks and unequivocally impacted the individual governments to pull back their soldiers from Lebanon.
It has been demonstrated that in last 120–130 years psychological oppression has experienced four particular stages and by and by we are encountering the fourth rush of fear mongering. There have been repudiating sees on the adequacy of fear mongering thus far psychological oppressors have needed abilities to utilize WMD in the most dangerous way. At the same time, al-Qaeda has advanced into a development that works in more than 70 nations and is available in the internet. It has endure endeavors to annihilate it by military methods and adjusted to another circumstance. It has had the option to stretch out its impact to Muslim people group in European nations. Does this imply we are confronting the possibility of regularly raising psychological oppression in Europe? What chances do we need to vanquish al-Qaeda?
On the off chance that al-Qaeda were a customary psychological oppressor gathering, it is sensible to conjecture its moderately likely end in next 20 years alongside the subsiding fourth flood of psychological warfare. In any case, the historical backdrop of psychological oppression has indicated that strict gatherings can exist for an exceptionally lengthy timespan.

Old terrorism

1. Structure: Hierarchial Based

2. Operational land : Home

3. Motive: national or political

4. Attitude: System affirming

New terrorism

1. Structure: Network Based

2, Operational land: Foreign

3. Motive: Religion

4. Attitude: System Threatening

Similarities can be traced by the act of terrorism as it is always goal oriented , it always gets originated with the oppression of any group by the powerful ones or the dissatisfied group of the society .