Question

Short notes on 1) Ocean waves classification, and 2) wave transformation (e.g., shoaling, refraction), 3) RCP and SRES climate change scenario, 4) Risk assessment method.

Answer 1

1) The ocean waves usually classified based on their wave length, force causing the wave generation etc.

*Capillary waves *Gravity waves *Infragravity waves *long period waves *Tides

capillary waves-these are the shortest waves and first to seen, these occur when the wind starts blowing and its perion band is less than 0.1s and the restoring force is the surface tension. the speed of the breeze that causes the formation of capillary waves is 3m/s.

* Gravity waves-waves generated due to continous blow of wind. there is also ultra gravity wave with period band of 0.1 -1s where as gravity wave have period band of 1-20s and the main restoring force is the gravity and for ultra gravity its surface tension and gravity.

*long period waves- waves which are developed due to tsunami, storm surges and sciches. These are routinely recorded for a period of 5min.

tnunami waves are longer varying from 1 to 20min.

Tides- waves generated due to earths rotation and gravitationa l attraction. these have extremely high wave length and these have period band of >24hr and strorms and gravitational are the generating forces and restoring forces are gravity and coriolis force.

2) Wave transformation- the Transformations are related to the wave phenomena occuring naturally.

when waves reach shoreline , the waves are influnced by the seabed by such as bottom friction,shaoling, refraction and wave braking. When the waves are too steep way breaking occurs in deep water. if the waves are obstructed by any structure in deep water or coast line they are transformed by diffraction. reflecction will take place if the waves meet steep structure.

3) RCP and SRES climate change scenario-

RCP- Representative concentration pathways this is used to classify climatic change and the warning limits. Paris aggrement was major change to the global efforts to fight against the climateic change.

initially it had comprised four projections ranging fron RCP 2.6 to RCP 8.5 after the paris they were fixed to RCP 1.9 to limit temperature change by 1.5 C

SRES-THE SPECIAL REPORT ON EMISSIONS SCENARIOS which is given the intergovernmental panel on climatic change. this report includes the gree house gas emissions that might occur in future.

4) RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD- Risk assessent method is a process to identify the risk and hazardous factors that might cause harm.

steps invoived in risk assessement are

- we need to identify that cause harm

-we need decide who may be harmed and hoe harm might takes place

-we need to assess tha risk and have action to over come it

-we need to make resords of the things found-

- we nned to review the risk assessment.