Question

As part of an experiment on the effects of behaviour modelling, raters are evaluating the prosocial behaviours in a series of videotapes of a class of pre-schoolers. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internal validity has occurred?
A. History
B. Testing
C. Regression to the mean
D. *Instrumentation*
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Question 2 of 50 1 Points
Which of the following threats to internal validity arises when participants are selected for treatment because they score particularly high on a less than perfectly reliable tests?
A. Instrumentation
B. *Testing*
C. History
D. Statistical regression

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
A. *operational definition*
B. independent variable
C. replication.
D. dependent variable

In an experiment, every participant in one group meets someone playing the part of an “annoying” student and then answers questions about their happiness in the university. The person playing the “annoying” role in the study is called a _____.

A. participant

B. cover story

C. control variable

D. *confe*

You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from work the most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a one-day program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In the following month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvement could be caused by the program or it might be due to:
A. mortality
B. statistical regression
C. *history*
D. instrument decay

In order to minimize participant expectations as a source of confound in an experiment, a researcher used a technique called __________, which involves concealing the real purpose of the experiment from the participants. After the experiment, the researcher gave full details about theC experiment to the participants in a procedure called _________.
A. single-blind; debriefing
B. deception; interview
C. randomization; matching
D.* deception; debriefing*

A researcher asks 40 pupils (from a school with 200 pupils) to participate in an experiment on altruism. The 40 pupils constitute a:
A. variable
B. population
C. *sample*
D. control group

In psychological experiment, the dependent variable is
A. always an extraneous in a field experiment.
B. *usually a behaviour.*
C. observed in naturalistic settings.
D. controlled by the experimenter.

In experimental research, the researcher manipulates
A. all variables
B. *at *least one independent* variable*‼️
C. at least one dependent variable
D. one independent variable and one dependent variable

As a part of his summer internship, Raymond, an 18-year-old psychology student wanted to study the levels of marital unhappiness among professionally qualified women graduates. What is the most likely experimenter effect in this study?
A. Experimenter knowledge
B. Experimenter expectancies
C. *Experimenter attributes*‼️
D. Experimenter bias

A study conducted in the early 1970s showed depression and alienation to be the primary effects of institutionalization among elderly couples whose children had migrated to other countries and hence were unable to give them physical care and support. The same study when conducted in the 1990s may not have had a similar inference because this had become a more common phenomenon by then. More youngsters were migrating due to greater availability of educational and professional opportunities, and institutional care had also started focusing on age-specific recreation. Which validity did the first study not have?

A. Population validity

B. *Temporal validity*‼️

C. Treatment validity

D. Ecological validity

What does an empiricist believe?
A. Research conducted in the 19th century was biased and unreliable.
B. **Knowledge*, in the form of 'facts', should be gained through sensory experience.*‼️
C. It is the psychologist's aim to understand the meaning of alienation.
D. We should not Capply natural science methods to social science research

Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?
A. A variable that is made up only of categories.
B. *A variable that affects the outcome being measured as well as, or instead of, the independent variable.*
C. A variable that has been measured using an unreliable scale.
D. A variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

In experimentation, _____________means any member of the selected sample has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition while _____________means any member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant.
A. *random assignment; random selection*
B. matching; counterbalancing
C. random selection; random assignment
D. counterbalancing; matching

A group of psychologists conducted an experiment to investigate whether moral messages could promote public health behaviours in relation to COVID-19. Participants read a Facebook post urging people to stay at home, which was either accompanied by a “deontological” argument, telling people it was their duty to protect their community; a “utilitarian” argument, asking people to think of the negative consequences of not making these sacrifices now; an appeal to virtue, reminding people that staying home is what a good person would do; or no moral argument. They then indicated how likely they would be to adopt public health-related behaviours like washing their hands after getting home or avoiding public gatherings. In this experiment, there is/are __________ with _______ .

A. two dependent variables; four levels

B. two dependent variables; two levels

C. one independent variable; two levels

D. *one independent variable; four levels*

Which method of manipulating the independent variable in an experiment commonly involves the use of confederates?
A. Varying the amount of the variable
B. Varying the type of variable
C. Manipulation by instruction
D. *Staged manipulation*

In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ____.
A. dependent variable
B. confounding variable
C. *extraneous variable*
D. independent variable

Which of the following describe methods of manipulating the independent variable in an experiment?
A. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence technique.
B. The researchers vary the amount of the independent variable administered.
C. The researcher varies the type of the independent variable.
D. *All of the above*

A researcher does a study examining the effects of a preschool program. He uses a non-equivalent comparison group design. He finds that the cognitive growth of his experimental group is greater than that of his control. Unfortunately, he later finds that in general children who live in the area where he drew his experimental group tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to the internal validity of his study?

A. History effect

B. Selection-instrumentation effect

C. Testing effect

D. *Selection-maturation effect*

Which of the following components of the research process should be performed first?
A. Coming up with hypotheses
B. Conducting the experiment
C. *Identifying the problem*
D. Data analysis

Experimenter expectancies usually result in participants
A. behaving in a natural way.
B. behaving in a manner opposite of experimenter expectations.
C. not understanding the directions of the experimenter
D. *behaving in a manner consistent with experimenter expectations.
*

In double-blind experiments...
A. *neither the participants nor experimenters know who receives the real treatment*
B. test results are unacceptable
C. placebos are not used
D. only the experimentersV know who receives the real treatment

The definition of a psychological construct such as ‘altruism’ in such a way as to allow measurement of it is known as…

A. *operational definition*

B. hypothesizing

C. Scale of measurement

D. conceptualization

In an experiment, every participant in one group meets someone playing the part of an “annoying” student and then answers questions about their happiness in the university. The person playing the “annoying” role in the study is called a _____.
A. cover story
B. *confederate*
C. participant
D. control variable

Which of these studies appears to have the most external validity?
A. Observers at intersections recorded drivers engaged in distracting activities.
B. An anonymous online survey asked people to report others who text and drive
C. *Experimenters recruited community members at a store who were willing to text and drive.*
D. A survey of students asked about experiences with texting while driving.

In an effort to control _________, possible instructions given to participants as well as the recording of their responses can be automated for consistency

A. participant effects

B. sequencing effects

C. mortality

D. *experimenter effects*

Students who have been given extra credit will report more satisfaction with their course than students who have not been given extra credit.” This statement best represents a(n)

A. problem identification

B. extraneous variable

C. *hypothesis*

D. theory

A researcher does a study examining the effects of a preschool program. He uses a non-equivalent comparison group design. He finds that the cognitive growth of his experimental group is greater than that of his control. Unfortunately, he later finds that in general children who live in the area where he drew his experimental group tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to the internal validity of his study?
A. Selection-maturation effect
B. Testing effect
C. History effect
D. *Selection-instrumentation effect
*

Individuals who are sleep-deprived will differ significantly in their reaction time compared to those individuals who are not sleep-deprived". If this is the alternate hypothesis, which of the below statements would be the correct null hypothesis?
A. Greater sleep deprivation leads to a decrease in reaction time.
B. *Individuals who are sleep-deprived will not differ in their reaction time from those individuals who are not sleep-deprived.*
C. Individuals who have more sleep will differ in their reaction time from those individuals who are sleep-deprived.
D. Individuals who are not sleep-deprived will differ in their reaction time from those individuals who are sleep deprived.

A researcher asks 40 pupils (from a school with 200 pupils) to participate in an experiment on altruism. The 40 pupils constitute a:

A. *sample*

B. population

C. control group

D. variable

A researcher wants to investigate students' susceptibility to internet addiction. He believes that students' age and gender can determine their level of susceptibility to internet addiction. What variable(s) will the researcher be measuring?

A. Susceptibility to internet addiction and age

B. Susceptibility to internet addiction

C. *Susceptibility to internet addiction and gender*

D. Age and gender

In an effort to control _________, possible instructions given to participants as well as the recording of their responses can be automated for consistency
A. mortality
B. sequencing effects
C. *experimenter effects*
D. participant effects

We review the relevant literature to know:
A. what is already known about a topic.
B. what concepts and theories have been applied to a topic.
C. who the key contributors to a topic are.
D. *all of the above*

Experimenter expectancies usually result in participants

A. *behaving in a manner consistent with experimenter expectations.*

B. not understanding the directions of the experimenter

C. behaving in a natural way.

D. behaving in a manner opposite of experimenter expectations.

Which of the following research studies would you possibly classify as violating the tenets of science and hence, not legitimate in reaching a valid conclusion?
A. Comparing class test results after maintaining uniformity in study conditions.
B. Observing child behaviour in response to punishment
C. *Promoting a health drink based on a parent's perception of high increase.*
D. Identifying what type of personality leads to increased social media usage.

Which of the following describe methods of manipulating the independent variable in an experiment?

A. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence technique.

B. The researchers vary the amount of the independent variable administered.

C. The researcher varies the type of the independent variable.

D. *All of the above*

In research terms, what is a sample?
A. All the volunteers who express an interest in the study
B. *A subset of the population who actually participate in a research study.*
C. A group of people to whom the conclusion of the study will apply
D. A group that contains fewer than 50 people or animals.

Participants in an experiment have some information about it and construct their own perceptions of it. This is called the __________ of the experiment.

A. *Demand characteristics*

B. Compensatory equalization

C. Confounding constructs

D. Positive self-presentation

Giving placebos in drug experiment is necessary to
A. *control for the effects of suggestions and expectations.*
B. keep control subjects from knowing they have been given the drug.
C. counteract the side effects of the drug.
D. counteract the random assignment of subjects.

Which of the following threats to internal validity arises when participants are selected for treatment because they score particularly high on a less than perfectly reliable tests?

A. History

B. Instrumentation

C. Statistical regression

D. *Testing*

In order to summarize or organize a series of observations in some meaningful way, psychologists may develop
A. surveys
B. experiments
C. *theories*
D. hypothesis

What is a research design?
A. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph.
B. *The choice of using qualitative or quantitative methods.*
C. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.
D. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.

As part of an experiment on the effects of behaviour modelling, raters are evaluating the prosocial behaviours in a series of videotapes of a class of pre-schoolers. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internal validity has occurred?

A. *Instrumentation*

B. Regression to the mean

C. Testing

D. History

A researcher wanted to examine the impact of classroom technology on the class attendance of male and female students. Students are randomly assigned to a class with either no technology, moderate technology, or extensive technology. The study showed that, overall, class attendance was highest in the moderate technology group, followed by the extensive technology group, and lowest in the no technology group. Although male students generally had higher class attendance than female students, this sex difference was found only in the extensive technology group. What effects do the findings of the study indicate?
A. Main effect of classroom technology only
B. Main effect of sex only
C. Main effects of both classroom technology and sex
D. *Main effects and interaction effect of both classroom technology and sex*

In a simple between-subjects experimental design, each subject is given ______ level of the independent variable; in a within-subjects design each subject is given ______ level of the independent variable.
A. one; one
B. *one; each*
C. each; one
D. each; each

Which of the following fictional results is not an example of an interaction effect?

A. The level of humidity greatly affects people’s comfort levels in the summer heat, but in the winter cold humidity levels make much less of a difference on comfort levels.

B. *People who attend church regularly donate more money to charity than nonchurch goers unless they are poor, in which case church attendance makes no difference*

C. Children who watch violent TV shows are more aggressive than children who do not watch violent TV shows, although all children watch the same amount of TV.

D. With normally active children, the stimulating effect of amphetamines increases as the dosage increases, but with hyperactive children the greater the dose of amphetamines, the calmer the children

The between- and within-participant designs are distinguished on the basis of
A. *whether the various treatment conditions use different or the same participants.*
B. the type of dependent variables that can be used.
C. whether they can test for the effect of interaction
D. the number of independent variables they can test.

Which of the following is similar to a pretest-posttest design, but with more dependent variable measures?

A. ex post facto design

B. *pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design*

C. interrupted time series design

D. regression-discontinuity design

All of these are examples of scientific misconduct except
A. plagiarism.
B. fabricating data.
C. falsifying data.
D. *using deception in a research study.*

In an experiment examining the impact of noise on memory, participants were asked to recall a list of words in a noisy room and then were asked to recall a list of words in a quiet room. This is an example of a(an) ________________ design.
A. counterbalanced square
B. between-participants
C. *within-participants*
D. solomon four-group

How does the posttest-only design with non-equivalent groups rectify the disadvantages presented by the one-group posttest-only and the one-group pretest-posttest design?
A. By assessing knowledge, attitude, and behaviour
B. By adding a pretest to measure the dependent variable
C. By including experimental manipulation followed by measurement
D. *By including a control*

Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of a true experiment?

A. The manipulation of a variable.

B. *All participants experience all experimental conditions.*

C. Holding everything constant apart from the variable being manipulated.

D. The measurement of changes caused by the manipulation of a variable

Which of the following is not a problem associated with between-subjects design?
A. Subject attrition
B. *Carry-over effect*
C. Unequal treatment groups prior to the introduction of the independent variable
D. The between-subjects design is a conservative design

The between- and within-participant designs are distinguished on the basis of

A. the type of dependent variables that can be used.

B. the number of independent variables they can test.

C. *whether the various treatment conditions use different or the same participants.*
D. whether they can test for the effect of interaction

Quasi-experimental designs have:
A. An IV and a DV
B. Non-random allocation of participants to conditions
C. No IV or DV
D.* a and b above*

A researcher is examining the effect of drinking alcohol on the ability to play darts. Half of the participants drink a pint of beer, while the other half drink a pint of water. All participants throw three darts at a dartboard and have the score recorded. How is this experiment best summarized?

A. Between-groups design: independent variable is the amount of alcohol drunk; dependent variable is the three dart score.

B. Between-groups design: independent variable is the three dart score; dependent variable is the amount of alcohol drunk.

C. Within-groups design: independent variable is the three dart score; dependent variable is the amount of alcohol drunk.

D. *Within-groups design:independent variable is the amount of alcohol drunk; dependent variable is the three dart score.*

Answer 1

Q.1 As part of an experiment on the effects of behavior modelling, raters are evaluating the prosocial behaviors in a series of videotapes of a class of pre-schoolers. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internal validity has occurred?
A. History
B. Testing
C. Regression to the mean
D. *Instrumentation*
Ans: D. Instrumentation

Explanation: Instrumentation is a type of threat to internal validity where different measures are used by raters. In this case initially raters were strict in rating but afterward their criteria had changed.

Q.2 Which of the following threats to internal validity arises when participants are selected for treatment because they score particularly high on a less than perfectly reliable tests?
A. Instrumentation
B. *Testing*
C. History
D. Statistical regression

Ans: B. Testing

Explanation: In this type of threat pre test influence post test. Here participants have scored high on test hence there is a probability that they will score high this test also.

Q.3 A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
A. *operational definition*
B. independent variable
C. replication.
D. dependent variable

Ans: A. operational definition
Explanation: Operational definition is how a researcher decide to measure variable as there are various ways to measure a particular variable.

Q.4 In an experiment, every participant in one group meets someone playing the part of an “annoying” student and then answers questions about their happiness in the university. The person playing the “annoying” role in the study is called a _____.

A. participant

B. cover story

C. control variable

D. *confe*

Ans: D. *confe*

Explanation: In this case person playing the “annoying” role is called as confederates. They are seem to be participant to the group of real participant however they are part of research team who is helping researcher to study a particular behavior of real participants.