Question

1) To reproduce, some plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

A) Oviparous reproduction

B) Ovoviviparous reproduction

C) viviparous reproduction

2) Which of these traits/characteristics that are SHARED by both sharks and ray-finned fishes?

A) paired fins

B) skins with scales

C) Lateral line sensitive to vibrations/pressure waves

D) swim bladder for buoyancy

E) Spiral valve for nutrient absorption

F) Jaws

G) Three chambered heart

3) Which of these are traits/characteristics shared by lamprey and bony fish:

A) scales

B) paired fins

C) jaws

D) caudal fine

E) gills

F) operculum

G) deuterostomes

H) mineralized teeth

4) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods (e.g., Acanthostega) was:

A) the appearance of jaws

B) feet with digits

C) the mineralization of the endoskeleton

D) the amniotic egg

E) viviparous reproduction

5) Derived (new) characteristics which first appeared in the early vertebrates include which of the following (select all that apply):

A) neural crest cells

B) cranium

C) body segments

D) notocord

E) eyes/eyespots

F) gills

G) 2 hox clusters

Answer 1

*1. B

In most animals, the two sex cells, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, meet during sexual intercourse. This requires the two animals to physically interact with each other within close proximity.

In plants the sex cells must be transmitted by a vector, such as an insect or a bird. This happens when an insect, for example, lands on the pollen rich anther, which contains 4 microsporangia or pollen sacs.

These sacs contain microsporocytes, which are diploid cells. When forming male cells, or pollen grains, these undergo meiosis, to form 4 microspores for each microsporocyte.

Eventually give rise to a gametophyte, which is a haploid cell. This gametophyte consists of a generative cell and a tube cell.

During maturation, the generative cell passes in to the tube cell, completing the spore wall. This tube cell produces a pollen tube, which can quickly deliver sperm to the female gametophyte.

*2. A, C, D, E

sharks are carnivores that feed on live prey, either swallowing it whole or using their jaws and teeth to tear it into smaller pieces.

Sharks have abrasive skin covered with tooth-like scales called placoid scales.

Shark teeth probably evolved from rows of these scales lining the mouth.

species of sharks and rays, like the enormous whale shark are suspension feeders that feed on plankton.

The sawfishes have an extended rostrum that looks like a double-edged saw. The rostrum is covered with electrosensitive pores that allow the sawfish to detect slight movements of prey hiding in the muddy sea floor.

The teeth in the rostrum are actually modified tooth-like structures called denticles similar to scales.

*3. B, E

Bony fish are members of the class osteichthyes, and are defined by their calcified skeleton, hinged jaw, gill arches, gill filaments, and gill rakers.

They also have an operculum for pumping water across the gills and swim bladders to control buoyancy, as well as mucous-lined scales.

Unlike "bony" fishes like trout, cod, and herring,lampreys lack scales, fins, and gill covers.

Their skeletons are made of cartilage. They breathe through a distinctive row of seven pairs of tiny gill openings located behind their mouths and eyes.

*4 A

Advanced traits shared with tetrapods include a series of robust bones supporting the fleshy limbs, a lack of gills, and strong ribs.

Ichthyostega and its relatives represent forms slightly more advanced than the aquatic Eusthenopteron and appear to be near the evolutionary line leading to the first tetrapods on land.