Question

I have selected the title of " Organ transplantation"

and I expect students to give an Introduction, which should define what transplant mean what organs and tissues can be transplanted, what are sources of organs/tissues (for example live and deceased), how many types of live donors (for example related and unrelated), how many types of deceased donors (for example brain dead and non heart beating). Then students should address Social Issues related to our culture and society, then they will write about Legal status of organ transplant in Pakistan, when it was legalized, they can find it on SIUT web page . then they will write about ethical Issues related to transplant (can search on google). Then they should write about Religious stand for transplant (not their own views but they should search different religions and Islamic point of view on organ transplant, all can be googled).

Assignment will be in word format, Font 'Times New Roman', Font size 12, double spacing document word count 450-500.

Answer 1

The answer to your query is as follows:

Organ Transplantation

Introduction

A medical procedure performed by a team of highly specialized doctors in which an functional organ is removed from the body of a donor and is transferred or placed in the body of a recipient or the patient suffering from that specific organ failure.

For this procedure, the donor and recipient can be found at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor place to another location of the recipient. This procedure can be lifesaving success and can give the recipient a wonderful new way to live his/her life.It also carries a potential risks and drawbacks like the chances of organ rejection.

Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source.

The organs and tissues that can be transplanted are as follows:

• Heart and Lung from the chest region
• Kidney,Liver, Pancreas, Intestine, Stomach, Testis from the abdominal region
• Tissues, cells and fluids include hand, Cornea, Skin, Islets of Langerhans, Bone marrow/Adult stem cell, Blood transfusion, Blood Vessels, Heart Valve, Bone.

Sources of organs/tissues

There are two sources of organs or tissue transplants. They are as follows:

Living donor

As the name suggests, the donor in this condition remains alive and donates a tissue, cell, or fluid. The living donor can also donate an organ or part of an organ which can further regenerate. For example, Liver and kidneys.

There are two types of living donors:

• Living related donors (LRD)- Those donors who have blood relations or are blood relatives of the recipient are known as living related donors. For example, parents, children or siblings.
• Living unrelated donors (LURD)- Those donors who are not blood related are known as living unrelated donors.For example,spouses or friends of the recipient.

Deceased donor

Deceased donors are also known as cadaveric. There are 2 types of deceased donors:

• Brain death donors- Those donors who have an irreversible and total loss of brain function are called as brain death donors. In this case the donor’s heart is working properly and beating continuously when connected on a ventilator.
• Circulatory death donors- Those donors that suffer from catastrophic brain injury but are not considered as brain dead. The further treatment is not considered to be in the best interests so, the treatment is discontinued by stopping ventilation after taking permission from the family. With this their heart stops beating and they are declared as dead.

Social Issues related to our culture and society that affects the organ transplantation

Social values and the death taboo influence the process and the act of organ donation and its transplantation. It is believed that the body of the donor donating the organ would be treated very badly. Hence, they create a big issue in this act.

Ignorance and prejudice are the major causes for the lack of response given by the society for the social need of organ donation. There is a huge impact of this inadequate social response. Research has shown that 22 deaths occur everyday because of the non-availability of the organs and the patient dies on organ donation waiting lists.

Legal status of organ transplant in Pakistan

In 1979, renal transplantation had started in Pakistan in public sector hospitals. The National Assembly of Pakistan passed the bill on the recommendation of its Standing Committee on Health on 12 November 2009.The Senate of Pakistan passed the bill on 10 February 2010. The President of Pakistan signed the bill making it a law on 17 March 2010.

Ethical Issues related to transplant

The various ethical issues related to transplantation include the definition of death. It includes the issue of when and how the consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted.

Another ethical issue is the practice of organ trafficking or sale by entrepreneurs to earn huge profits. Poor people are exploited by the rich people.

The use of animal organs or xenotransplantation has also raised ethical issues which in the society.

The transplantation tourism violates various human rights and exploit the poor people. It also provides unequal access of the services to the poor people.

Religious stand for transplant

Different religious groups have different views on organ donation.

Christianity or the Christians provide huge support for organ donations. They consider it as an altruistic act. They give full rights to the people and consider this as an individual decision. They consider organ donation is an act of Christian duty.

In Islam, majority of Islamic religious leaders support this act during life after death in order to save life. But, Muslims are uncertain about whether or not Islamic tradition considers this act of the organ donation to be forbidden. Laws have been passed to provide monetary compensation for kidney donation under regulation in Islamic ruling nation, Iran.

In Hinduism, Hindu values reincarnation. They support the act of organ donation and prolonging life.

Hope it helps!