Contribution Margin

Sally Company sells 37,000 units at $46 per unit. Variable costs are $26.68 per unit, and fixed costs are $321,700.

Determine (a) the contribution margin ratio, (b) the unit contribution margin, and (c) income from operations.

Break-Even Point

Radison Enterprises sells a product for $107 per unit. The variable cost is $63 per unit, while fixed costs are $474,320.

Determine (a) the break-even point in sales units and (b) the break-even point if the selling price were increased to $112 per unit.

Target Profit

Outdoors Company sells a product for $160 per unit. The variable cost is $75 per unit, and fixed costs are $374,000.

Determine (a) the break-even point in sales units and (b) the break-even point in sales units required for the company to achieve a target profit of $67,320.

Sales Mix and Break-Even Analysis

Michael Company has fixed costs of $1,600,000. The unit selling price, variable cost per unit, and contribution margin per unit for the company's two products are provided below.

The sales mix for products Model 94 and Model 81 is 50% and 50%, respectively. Determine the break-even point in units of Model 94 and Model 81 of the overall (total) product, E. If required, round your answers to the nearest whole number.

a. Product Model 94_____ units

b. Product Model 81______ units

Operating Leverage

Cartersville Company reports the following data:

Determine Cartersville Company's operating leverage. Round your answer to one decimal place.______

Margin of Safety

The Ira Company has sales of $230,000, and the break-even point in sales dollars is $177,100.

Determine the company's margin of safety as a percent of current sales.  ____%

Lonnie Davis has been a general partner in the Highland Partnership for many years and is also a sole proprietor in a separate business. To spend more time focusing on his sole proprietorship, he plans to leave Highland and will receive a liquidating distribution of $72,000 in cash and land with a fair market value of $135,500 (tax basis of $173,000). Immediately before the distribution, Lonnie’s basis in his partnership interest is $448,000, which includes his $79,500 share of partnership debt. The Highland Partnership does not hold any hot assets.

a. What is the amount and character of any gain or loss to Lonnie?

b. What is Lonnie’s basis in the land?
c. What is the amount and character of Lonnie’s gain or loss if he holds the land for 13 months as investment property and then sells it for $163,000?
d. Assume there are no gains from the sale of other Section 1231 in the same tax year. What is the amount and character of Lonnie’s gain or loss if he places the land into service in his sole proprietorship and then sells it 13 months later for $163,000?

Coolplay Corp. is thinking about opening a soccer camp in southern California. To start the camp, Coolplay would need to purchase land and build four soccer fields and a sleeping and dining facility to house 150 soccer players. Each year, the camp would be run for 8 sessions of 1 week each. The company would hire college soccer players as coaches. The camp attendees would be male and female soccer players ages 12–18. Property values in southern California have enjoyed a steady increase in value. It is expected that after using the facility for 20 years, Coolplay can sell the property for more than it was originally purchased for. The following amounts have been estimated.

Click here to view PV table.

(a)

Calculate the net present value of the project. (If the net present value is negative, use either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -45 or parentheses e.g. (45). Round answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 125. For calculation purposes, use 5 decimal places as displayed in the factor table provided.)

Should the project be accepted?

Calculate Payroll

Breakin Away Company has three employees-a consultant, a computer programmer, and an administrator. The following payroll information is available for each employee:

For the current pay period, the computer programmer worked 60 hours and the administrator worked 50 hours. The federal income tax withheld for all three employees, who are single, can be determined by adding $356.90 to 28% of the difference between the employee's amount subject to withholding and $1,796.00. Assume further that the social security tax rate was 6%, the Medicare tax rate was 1.5%, and one withholding allowance is $70.

Determine the gross pay and the net pay for each of the three employees for the current pay period. Assume the normal working hours in a week are 40 hours. If required, round your answers to two decimal places.

Feedback

Gross pay represents the total earnings of an employee for a specific pay period, prior to taxes and deductions. Net pay is also known as take-home pay.

Locate the proper withholding wage bracket in the withholding table. Pay attention to the number of exemptions each employee is claiming.

If Quail Company invests $43,000 today, it can expect to receive $12,600 at the end of each year for the next seven years, plus an extra $6,700 at the end of the seventh year. (PV of $1, FV of $1, PVA of $1, and FVA of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Enter negative net present values, if any, as negative values. Round your present value factor to 4 decimals.) What is the net present value of this investment assuming a required 8% return on investments?

Determine the amount of sales (units) that would be necessary under

Break-Even Sales Under Present and Proposed Conditions

Darby Company, operating at full capacity, sold 116,100 units at a price of $111 per unit during the current year. Its income statement for the current year is as follows:

The division of costs between fixed and variable is as follows:

Management is considering a plant expansion program that will permit an increase of $999,000 in yearly sales. The expansion will increase fixed costs by $99,900, but will not affect the relationship between sales and variable costs.

Required:

1. Determine the total variable costs and the total fixed costs for the current year. Enter the final answers rounded to the nearest dollar.

2. Determine (a) the unit variable cost and (b) the unit contribution margin for the current year. Enter the final answers rounded to two decimal places.

3. Compute the break-even sales (units) for the current year. Enter the final answers rounded to the nearest whole number.
units

4. Compute the break-even sales (units) under the proposed program for the following year. Enter the final answers rounded to the nearest whole number.
units

5. Determine the amount of sales (units) that would be necessary under the proposed program to realize the $159,100 of income from operations that was earned in the current year. Enter the final answers rounded to the nearest whole number.
units

6. Determine the maximum income from operations possible with the expanded plant. Enter the final answer rounded to the nearest dollar.
$

7. If the proposal is accepted and sales remain at the current level, what will the income or loss from operations be for the following year? Enter the final answer rounded to the nearest dollar.
$  

8. Based on the data given, would you recommend accepting the proposal?

1. In favor of the proposal because of the reduction in break-even point.
2. In favor of the proposal because of the possibility of increasing income from operations.
3. In favor of the proposal because of the increase in break-even point.
4. Reject the proposal because if future sales remain at the current level, the income from operations will increase.
5. Reject the proposal because the sales necessary to maintain the current income from operations would be below the current year sales.

Choose the correct answer.

During Year 1 and Year 2, Agatha Corp. completed the following transactions relating to its bond issue. The corporation’s fiscal year is the calendar year. Year 1 Jan. 1 Issued $330,000 of 8-year, 8 percent bonds for $324,000. The annual cash payment for interest is due on December 31. Dec. 31 Recognized interest expense, including the straight-line amortization of the discount, and made the cash payment for interest. Dec. 31 Closed the interest expense account. Year 2 Dec. 31 Recognized interest expense, including the straight-line amortization of the discount, and made the cash payment for interest. Dec. 31 Closed the interest expense account. Required a-1. When the bonds were issued, was the market rate of interest more or less than the stated rate of interest? a-2. If Agatha had sold the bonds at their face amount, what amount of cash would Agatha have received? b. Prepare the liabilities section of the balance sheet at December 31, Year 1 and Year 2. c. Determine the amount of interest expense that will be reported on the income statements for Year 1 and Year 2. d. Determine the amount of interest that will be paid in cash to the bondholders in Year 1 and Year 2.

Please answer both.

High-Low Method for a Service Company

Boston Railroad decided to use the high-low method and operating data from the past six months to estimate the fixed and variable components of transportation costs. The activity base used by Boston Railroad is a measure of railroad operating activity, termed "gross-ton miles," which is the total number of tons multiplied by the miles moved.

Determine the variable cost per gross-ton mile and the total fixed cost.

Break-Even Sales and Sales Mix for a Service Company

Zero Turbulence Airline provides air transportation services between Los Angeles, California, and Kona, Hawaii. A single Los Angeles to Kona round-trip flight has the following operating statistics:

It is assumed that the fuel, crew salaries, and airplane depreciation are fixed, regardless of the number of seats sold for the round-trip flight.

a. Compute the break-even number of seats sold on a single round-trip flight for the overall enterprise product, E. Assume that the overall product mix is 10% business class and 90% economy class tickets.

b. How many business class and economy class seats would be sold at the break-even point?

The following facts pertain to a non-cancelable lease agreement between Alschuler Leasing Company and McKee Electronics, a lessee, for a computer system.

The collectability of the lease payments is probable by the lessor. The asset will revert to the lessor at the end of the lease term. The straight-line depreciation method is used for all equipment. The following amortization schedule has been prepared correctly for use by both the lessor and the lessee in accounting for this lease. The lease is to be accounted for properly as a finance lease by the lessee and as a sales-type lease by the lessor.

a) Assuming the lessee's accounting period ends on September 30, answer the following questions with respect to this lease agreement.

1. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's income statement for the year ending September 30, 2018?

2. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's balance sheet at September 30, 2018?

3. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's income statement for the year ending September 30, 2019?

4. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's balance sheet at September 30, 2019?

b) Assuming the lessee's accounting period ends on December 31, answer the following questions with respect to this lease agreement.

1. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's income statement for the year ending December 31, 2017?

2. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's balance sheet at December 31, 2017?

3. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's income statement for the year ending December 31, 2018?

4. What items and amounts will appear on the lessee's balance sheet at December 31, 2018?

High Country, Inc., produces and sells many recreational products. The company has just opened a new plant to produce a folding camp cot that will be marketed throughout the United States. The following cost and revenue data relate to May, the first month of the plant’s operation:

Management is anxious to assess the profitability of the new camp cot during the month of May.

Required:

1. Assume that the company uses absorption costing.

a. Determine the unit product cost.

b. Prepare an income statement for May.

2. Assume that the company uses variable costing.

a. Determine the unit product cost.

b. Prepare a contribution format income statement for May.

Laker Company reported the following January purchases and sales data for its only product.

The Company uses a perpetual inventory system. For specific identification, ending inventory consists of 230 units, where 200 are from the January 30 purchase, 5 are from the January 20 purchase, and 25 are from beginning inventory.

Required:

1. Complete comparative income statements for the month of January for Laker Company for the four inventory methods. Assume expenses are $1,350, and that the applicable income tax rate is 40%. (Round your Intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places.)

2. Which method yields the highest net income?

• Specific identification

• Weighted average

• LIFO

• FIFO

3. Does net income using weighted average fall between that using FIFO and LIFO?

• Yes

• No

4. If costs were rising instead of falling, which method would yield the highest net income?

• FIFO

• LIFO

• Specific identification

• Weighted average

Equivalent Units and Related Costs; Cost of Production Report; Entries

Dover Chemical Company manufactures specialty chemicals by a series of three processes, all materials being introduced in the Distilling Department. From the Distilling Department, the materials pass through the Reaction and Filling departments, emerging as finished chemicals.

The balance in the account Work in Process—Filling was as follows on January 1:

The following costs were charged to Work in Process—Filling during January:

During January, 58,800 units of specialty chemicals were completed. Work in Process—Filling Department on January 31 was 5,100 units, 50% completed.

Required:

1. Prepare a cost of production report for the Filling Department for January. If an amount is zero, enter "0". If required, round your cost per equivalent unit answers to two decimal places.

3. Determine the increase or decrease in the cost per equivalent unit from December to January for direct materials and conversion costs. If required, round your answers to two decimal places.

4. The cost of production report may be used as the basis for allocating product costs between   and  . The report can also be used to control costs by holding each department head responsible for the units entering production and the costs incurred in the department. Any differences in unit product costs from one month to another, such as those in part (3), can be studied carefully and any significant differences investigated.

Merrill Corp. has the following information available about a potential capital investment:   

Assume straight line depreciation method is used.  


Required:
1. Calculate the project’s net present value. (Future Value of $1, Present Value of $1, Future Value Annuity of $1, Present Value Annuity of $1.) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to nearest whole dollar.)

         

2. Without making any calculations, determine whether the internal rate of return (IRR) is more or less than 7 percent.

    

   

3. Calculate the net present value using a 13 percent discount rate. (Future Value of $1, Present Value of $1, Future Value Annuity of $1, Present Value Annuity of $1.) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to nearest whole dollar.)

       

4. Without making any calculations, determine whether the internal rate of return (IRR) is more or less than 13 percent.

    

On August 15, 2017, Jarvis Company issued 50,000 options on the shares of RBC (Royal Bank Corporation). Each option gives the option holder the right to buy one share of RBC at $60 per share until March 16, 2018. Jarvis received $25,000 for issuing these options. At the company’s year-end of December 31, 2017, the options contracts traded on the Montreal Exchange at $.40 per contract. On March 16, 2018, RBC shares closed at $58 per share, none of the options were exercised, so the options had to be removed and any gain or loss earned thus far reported.

Required:

Record all journal entries related to these call options.

Selected data derived from the income statement and balance sheet of National Beverage Co. for a recent year are as follows:

Required: