Question

Question 1: Use specimens to fill in the following table. Provide the specimen name(s) that you are using as a reference for each species (Homo species only). For most questions provide a briefdescription of the trait (1-2 sentences at most). For questions that ask about presence of a trait, simply indicate if this trait is present or absent for each species. For some questions, you may find it helpful to rank the trait across the species.

	Chimpanzee	H. habilis	H. erectus	H. heidelbergensis	H. neanderthalensis	H. sapiens
Specimen name:	X
Degree of facial prognathism	High degree of facial prognathism
Brow ridges
Postorbital constriction	Significant postorbital constriction. (most)
Shape of skull/ braincase
Cranial capacity (Look this up or use the species tab)
Presence of occipital torus or bun
Relative size and shape of incisors
Relative size and shape of canines
Presence of a canine diastema	Present
Relative size and shape of molars
Presence of a retromolar gap
Presence of a chin
Robusticity of the cranium
Robusticity of the post-cranium (rest of the body)

Question 2: Describe 2 trends that you observe from these species as they related to evolutionary change in our genus over time. For example, one trend that you can describe is how brain size has changed over time.

1)

2)

Question 3: List (a) two derived features of Homo neanderthalensis and (b) two derived features of Homo sapiens.

a)

b)

Answer 1

1. Chimpanzee two extant species the common chimpanzee and the Bonobo. In case of chimpanzee the face protrudes beyond the top of the skull. Chimpanzees skull has no forehead and has prominent brow ridges above the eye sockets. As they get older white or grey patches may appear particularly on the chin. Sharp canine teeth, they have spade shaped canines, small incisors, reduced premolars and molars are different from as humans. 320- 480 cc of cranial capacity, tchadensis cranium, chimpanzees are genetically closest to humans.

Homo habilis the tool maker or handy man. First human being like, it's fossils were discovered by Dr. Leaky, cranial capacity is 650- 800cc , complete erect posture, prognathus, first man who made tools of stones for hunting animals, by nature vegetarian.

Homo erectus direct ancestors of homo sapiens. They are java man, pecking man, Heidelberg man. Jaba man lived in caves, they used tools of bones and caves, cranial capacity- 900cc , chin absent, jaw prognathus, complete erect posture, also known as erect ape man

Pecking man lived in caves , cranial capacity- 1100cc , chin absent, jaw prognathus, use sharp chisel shaped tools of stones bones for cutting and killing animals, omnivores, cannibalism has been also found.

Heidelberg man a fossil of lower jaw obtain from Heidelberg in Germany cranial capacity- 1300cc

2. Throughout human evolution the brain has continued to expand estimated avareage brain masses from 435 grams to 2.97 pounds like that. Nanderthals has larger brains than modern humans but they are less brainy than anatomically modern human. Relatively brain size of Homo did not change from 1.6-1.8 mya.

The canine teeth of apes are large and pointed and project beyond other teeth whereas in human it is small and non projectile, human canines are unique in being incisor like. When it compared to brain size the tooth sizes are also changed enormously so as the food behaviour also.

3. Derived features of Homo nanderthalensis are large middle part of the face, a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air.

Derived features of Homo sapiens are body shape tends to vary due to adaptation and had bodies with short, long limb and slender trunks.