Question

1. In reviewing the Ontario Drinking Water Standards, how does your unknown compare with the standard? How much calcium chloride or distilled water would be needed to be added to make your sample compliant?

2.explain the process by which a water softener works, please include the regeneration process.

Answer 1

1)according to ontario drinking water standards, the acceptable unknown sample for purpose of drinking must have ph ranger of 6.5-8.5 where as the the acceptable rates of chlorides specifically calcium chloride upto 250 mg/l.

according to the bacteriology, the presence of E.coli should not be detectable in a 100ml of sample.

in other words if the unknown is contaminated whether chemically or bacteriology then it is considered unsafe for drinking purposes.

other metals like iron should be only upto 0.3 mg/l and not exceeding beyond this.

coming to the turbidity opf the unknown must not be more than 1-5 and exceeding 5 it will be unsafe for drinking.

2)due to presence of calcium and magnesium salts water then termed as hard water or soft water only when such salts are present or absent and thus water softener works by the process of ion exchange where such ions gets eliminated and the water then termed as a soft water.

the resulting soft water requires less soap as hard water tends form scum that interupts washing and interferes in decreasing the soap action which is done through miscelle formation which a single molecule with cation and anionic ends that tend to for hydrophobic and hydrophillic part of the molecule that eliminates dirt and oil from the clothes.

water regeneration process is the process in which the minerals are flushed out from the hard water.

when hard water passes through water softners these ions of calcium and magnesium are replaced by the sodium ions which makes the water soft.