Question

Upload the 3D brain app onto your mobile device or visit the 3D brain app website below. Using your textbook and the app, please identify two structures in the brain. Name the structures, describe where they are located, and describe their functions. Based on case studies described in the app, discuss what is known about damage to these areas. In addition, discuss any new potential treatments for disorders associated with damage to these structures. You may also use outside links to support your discussion.

https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3dbrain.html

250 words or less. NO copy pasted answers!

Answer 1

Please attach figure of 3 main structure of human brain: The Forbrain, The Midbrain and the Hindbrain

1. Forebrain

The Cerebrum: Also known as the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum is the biggest piece of the human mind, and it is related with higher cerebrum capacity, for example, thought and activity. Nerve cells make up the dark surface, which is somewhat thicker than our thumb. White nerve filaments underneath the surface convey motions between nerve cells in different parts of the mind and body. Its wrinkled surface expands the surface territory, and is a six-layered structure found in vertebrates, called the neocortex. It is partitioned into four segments, called "flaps". They are; the frontal projection, the parietal flap, the occipital projection and the transient projection.

Function :

Frontal Lobe – The frontal flap lies just underneath our brow and is related with our mind's capacity to reason, sort out, plan, talk, move, make outward appearances, serial assignment, issue illuminate, control hindrance, suddenness, start and self-manage practices, focus, recollect and control feelings.

Parietal Lobe – The parietal flap is situated at the upper back of our cerebrum, and controls our perplexing practices, including faculties, for example, vision, contact, body mindfulness and spatial introduction. It assumes critical parts in incorporating tangible data from different parts of our body, information of numbers and their relations, and in the control of articles. Bits are included with our visuospatial handling, dialect cognizance, the capacity to build, body situating and development, disregard/obliviousness, left-right separation and mindfulness/understanding.

Side effects related with head Injury or tumors in the Parietal Lobes may include:

• Anomia – trouble naming items
• Trouble talking or understanding discourse
• Unfit to concentrate
• Issues perusing and composing (agraphia)
• Unfit to center around in excess of one question at any given moment
• Poor dexterity
• Trouble with straightforward maths issues
• Trouble drawing
• Confounding left and right
• Visual observation poor
• Loss of sensation in part of the body
• Self-mind traded off in light of absence of familiarity with some body parts and encompassing space (Apraxia)

Occipital Lobe – The occipital flap is situated at the back of our cerebrum, and is related with our visual handling, for example, visual acknowledgment, visual consideration, spatial examination (moving in a 3-D world) and visual view of non-verbal communication, for example, stances, articulations and motions.

Manifestations related with head damage or tumors influencing the Occipital Lobes

• Trouble perceiving hues
• Visual deformities, for example, 'field cuts'
• Sight figments – erroneously observing articles
• Fantasy
• Failure to perceive words
• Trouble perceiving pictures or charts
• Hard to see development
• Loss of perusing and composing familiarity
• Occipital flap seizures might be activated by glimmer incitement
• Issues with or loss of vision on one side

Visual impairment that is caused by harm to this visual region of the cerebrum is called 'focal' or 'cortical' visual impairment.

Transient Lobe – The fleeting flap is situated close to our ears, and is related with handling our observation and acknowledgment of sound-related jolts (counting our capacity to center around one sound among many, such as tuning in to one voice among numerous at a gathering), fathoming talked dialect, verbal memory, visual memory and dialect creation (counting familiarity and word-discovering), general information and self-portraying recollections.

Manifestations related with head damage or tumors influencing the Temporal Lobes

• Prosopagnosia – trouble perceiving appearances and names
• Trouble in understanding discourse
• Trouble in distinguishing objects
• Difficult to verbalize data about articles
• Here and now memory misfortune
• Forceful practices
• Change in sexual intrigue
• Fixation troubles
• Harm to right worldly projection can result in unremitting talking
• Right side injury may influence beat and musicality
• Religiosity
• Seizure issue
• Peculiar atmospheres and dreams
• Clutters of visual observation
• Left side injury – debilitated verbal memory
• Right side injury – debilitated non-verbal memory
• Agnosias (allude to the powerlessness to perceive particular classes e.g. body parts, hues, faces, music, smells)

A profound wrinkle partitions the cerebrum into two parts, known as the left and right halves of the globe. Furthermore, while the two sides of the equator look relatively symmetrical, each side appears to work in an unexpected way. The correct side of the equator is viewed as our imaginative side, and the left side of the equator is viewed as our coherent side. A heap of axons, called the corpus callosum, associates the two sides of the equator.

Manifestations related with head Injury or a tumor in the Frontal Lobes may include:

• Trouble in arranging successions, for example, in making some espresso
• Unresponsiveness and loss of enthusiasm forever, absence of immediacy while interfacing with others
• Loss of reasoning adaptability (mental unbending nature)
• Difficult focusing
• Absence of consideration
• Personality changes
• Trouble arranging or sorting out
• Trouble in talking
• Frequently rehashing activities ordinarily without consciousness of doing as such
• Emotional episodes and loss of inhibition (may prompt hostile conduct which is abnormal for that individual e.g. swearing, discourteousness, improper sexual conduct
• Shortcoming of one side of the face or body
• Issues in walking
• Scatters of the Frontal Lobes may incorporate ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar issue (prefrontal cortex).

1. Midbrain

The midbrain is situated beneath the cerebral cortex, or more the hindbrain setting it close to the focal point of the cerebrum. It is included the tectum, tegmentum, cerebral water system, cerebral peduncles and a few cores and fasciculi. The essential part of the midbrain is to go about as a kind of transfer station for our visual and sound-related frameworks. Segments of the midbrain called the red core and the substantia nigra are associated with the control of body development, and contain countless

creating neurons. The degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra is related with Parkinson's illness. The midbrain is the littlest area of the cerebrum, and is found most halfway inside the cranial pit.

Limbic System – the limbic framework is regularly alluded to as our "enthusiastic mind", or 'adolescent cerebrum'. It is discovered covered inside the cerebrum and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. If Hippocampus damages or get affected it leads to following

- Because of its fundamental part in memory, harm to the hippocampus can result in an odd universe of new encounters, as there will be a failure to recollect occasions or encounters as they happen.

- The hippocampus manages the development of long haul recollections and spatial route. Since it is one of the main districts of the mind to wind up harmed in illnesses, for example, Alzheimer's ailment, this prompts the memory misfortune and confusion related with the condition.

- Damage to the hippocampus can cause hyperactivity and influence the capacity to restrain reactions that have beforehand been learnt. It will be hard to 'unlearn' old propensities.

- The hippocampus can wind up harmed through oxygen hardship or hypoxia, disease, irritation, or because of worldly flap epilepsy.

Thalamus – the essential part of the thalamus is to transfer tangible data from different parts of the cerebrum to the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus – the essential part of the hypothalamus is to direct different elements of the pituitary organ and endocrine movement, and additionally physical capacities e.g.body temperature, rest, craving.

Amygdala – the essential part of the amygdala is to be a basic processor for the faculties. Associated with the hippocampus, it assumes a part in sincerely loaded recollections and contains countless receptor locales that are embroiled in fury, fear and sexual sentiments.

Hippocampus – the essential part of the hippocampus is memory framing, sorting out and putting away data. It is especially essential in shaping new recollections, and associating feelings and faculties, for example, smell and sound, to recollections.

Pituitary Gland – the essential part of the pituitary organ is an imperative connection between the sensory system and the endocrine framework. It discharges numerous hormones which influence development, digestion, sexual improvement and the propagation framework. It is associated with the hypothalamus and is about the span of a pea. It is situated in the focal point of the skull, simply behind the extension of the nose.

1. Hindbrain

The Cerebellum – The cerebellum, or "little mind", is like the cerebrum with its two sides of the equator and very collapsed surface. It is related with control and coordination of development, stance, adjust and heart, respiratory and vasomotor focuses.

Symptoms of associated with head injury or tumours affecting the Cerebellum include:

• Problems with balance and coordination
• Problems with co-ordination of limbs
• Intention tremor
• Abnormal eye movements – ‘nystagmus’
• Nausea and dizziness

Cerebrum Stem – The mind stem is situated underneath the limbic framework. It is in charge of crucial life capacities, for example, breathing, heartbeat, and circulatory strain. The cerebrum stem is made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

Symptoms of associated with head injury or tumours affecting the Brain Stem include:

• double vision
• nausea
• sleepiness
• weakness on one side of the body.

Pons – The essential part of the pons is to fill in as an extension between different parts of the sensory system, including the cerebellum and cerebrum. Numerous critical nerves that start in the pons, for example, the trigeminal nerve, in charge of feeling in the face, and also controlling the muscles that are in charge of gnawing, biting, and gulping. It additionally contains the abducens nerve, which enables us to look from side to side and the

vestibularcochlear nerve, which permits to hear. As a component of the brainstem, an area of the lower pons empowers and controls the power of breathing, while a segment of the upper pons diminishes the profundity and recurrence of breaths. The pons is likewise connected with the control of rest cycles, and controls breath and reflexes. It is situated over the medulla, underneath the midbrain, and just before the cerebellum.

Medulla – The essential part of the medulla is managing our automatic life maintaining capacities, for example, breathing, gulping and pulse. As a component of the mind stem, it likewise causes exchange neural messages to and from the cerebrum and spinal line. It is situated at the intersection of the spinal rope and cerebrum.