Question

In: Psychology

In order to understand the effectiveness of offering free supplemental education on college campuses, students were...

In order to understand the effectiveness of offering free supplemental education on college campuses, students were asked how frequently they went to the supplemental education and their final grades. On average, the more time the students spent at attending supplemental education, the worse their grades were.

1. If X is supplemental education and Y is final grade, explain what X causes Y would look like. First, fill in the correct variable names in the statement "X causes Y". Then come up with a plausible explanation for how this could be happening.

2. If X is supplemental education and Y is final grade, explain what Y causes X would look like. First, fill in the correct variable names in the statement "Y causes X". Then come up with a plausible explanation for how this could be happening.

3. If X is supplemental education and Y is final grade, explain what a third variable causes both X and Y would look like. First, fill in the correct variable names in the statement "a third variable causes both X and Y". Then come up with a plausible explanation for how this could be happening.

Solutions

Expert Solution

EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTAL EDUCATION ON FINAL GRADES:

1. In the first case,

If X is supplementary education &

Y is Final grades

Let us see how X causes Y or

How : More time spent on SUPPLEMENTAL EDUCATION causes LOW FINAL GRADES.

EXPLANATION:

the X variable being the time spent in Supplemental education can cause low grades which can be due to the following reasons :

a) Problems in the course of study :

During the course of study, many problems may arise. The student might have difficulty understanding the concepts or even worse , might be uninterested or not properly motivated to learn which may lead to lower grades.

b) Tutoring cancellation problems :

Sometimes, due to weather conditions or convenience, students might be allotted leaves. More over, the students might not want to continue in a particular tuition and may opt to discontinue . if this goes on for every class, this might frustrate the student which results in poor performance .

c) Commuting to far away classes :

Not all tutoring classes are close by. Some may even me miles away. Commuting could be one of the factors which may tire out a student till he reaches his destination and the rest of the class is spent sleeping or with a wandering mind , which leads to low concentration and in turn affects grades.

d) economy or budget problems

Stress and anxiety caused due to the supplemental education can also be one of the contributing factors. Spending hours working night shifts to pay the fees may tire out the student for his next class that very morning !

e) Lack of interest :

Students forced to attend many supplemental classes may actually create a resistance to learning. This may be primarily due to lack of interest. No point pushing a horse towards a pond of water if it ain't thirsty!

f) Parental pressure:

Parental pressure to join in extra classes can be exhausting. The pressure of building a good career itself is at large looming over each studenta mind. Expectations from family, friends and society can force an individual to attend more supplemental classes not to enhance his abilities or skills , but due to external pressure . This very lack of interest plus pressure from outside domains leads to a frustrated student who doesn't care about low marks anymore. Everything looks mechanical for them.

g) Burn out :

Burn out can occur due to excessive work load. Students who are pressured with loads of academic work who have to additionally attend the supplemental Classes could be the victim of burn out . which leads to series of other exhaustions and the end result is very low productivity.

h) Information overload

Attending to many number of supplemental classes and spending time there leaves no time for the brain to rest. There is cramming of non stop information and when this happens, the student might feel bloated with so much of data that he just gives up and doesn't study. Studying is an art on its own. Just attending additional classes won't help get good grades. But a good study schedule with portions sorted per day with the key words and notes would be the way to do it.

2. Now, let's assume,

Y to be the lower grades

And X to be the more time spent in the supplemental education classes.

That is : Low grades cause rise in the amount of time spent by an individual in the supplemental education classes.

The following reasons could be the cause for so :

a) Needs extra coaching :

The individual who keeps getting low grades would defiantly be put into for supplemental education classes for developing his grades.

b) Extra help needed with the class work

An individual with low grades might have difficulty understanding the concepts thought or probably could be a slow learner . which signals towards the need for extra help after class .

c) more classes and exposure to supplemental study class for getting the required passing minimum.

With a given percentage to be the minimum passing eligibility , the weak student is trained with supplemental education on how to score and pass with that minimum.

d) To aid academical performance

As discussed earlier , supplemental education is believed to help the student learn new concepts and expand their understandings. And so weak students with low grades and exposed to such classes to help them score better.

e) To increase self esteem and self confidence

Getting low grades and writing re-exams can put down the self confidence levels. Students with such grades when are put into supplemental education classes benefit from their package covering teaching, testing and understanding the concepts clearly and precisely.

f) to learn and to improve

Students worried about Their future careers etc, wouldn't want to end up being rejected by the colleges. And hence they enroll into extra supplementary educational classes to develop , hone their existing skills and improve.

3. Let,

X be the extra time spent in the supplemental education classes.

Y be the lower grades,

then Z be the intelligence of the individual , this is the third variable which causes both X and Y

Z causes X & Y

Lower Level of intelligence(Z) causes need for more indulgence in supplemental education (X) classes which can consequently lead to lower grades (Y)

Intelligence is one internal aspect which can be a strong contributing factor which influences the students behavior.

His motivation to study and get good grades also depend on his minds ability to process and understand things.

Vice versa, Higher intelligence causes lesser need for indulgence in supplemental educational classes. As they are higher in intelligence , they have the capacity to grab the concept from the books and through self learning.

They don't fuss with their marks, they easily get good grades as They understand the concept well. And in turn they don't have the requirement arising for them to invest on additional supplemental education classes.

They expend their energy learning on their own and the results are satisfactory as well, good grades!

Z causes Y

Like wise,

Higher intelligence individual score higher grades leading to lower necessity for supplemental educational classes.

Vice versa,

Lower intelligence individual score lower grades leading to participation in extra supplemental education classes for improvement .


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