To a rough approximation, the Earth can be treated as a greybody
sphere with uniform temperature, absorptance ? = 0.70 and
emissivity ? = 0.61. The low absorptance is largely due to
reflection of the incoming sunlight by clouds and ice, while the
low emissivity is largely due to greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Q1) Over timescales of decades, the total solar
irradiance at the Earth varies between about 1360.3 W/m2
and 1362.0 W/m2 . Using the greybody Earth
approximation,...