Question

Briefly describe 10 specific effects that hormones have on the body.

Answer 1

• Most of the hormones have several effects on target tissues that are called Pleiotropic effects of hormones.
• Many hormones have multiple actions on several other tissues simultaneously.
• Hormones act on different body systems for diiferent actions,some of the actions are complementary and some are antagonistic.
• Both copmlimentary and antagonistic actions of hormones are meant for integration of body functions in normal conditions as wellas in different other situations.

1. In liver the cortisol decreases glucose uptake ,influences glycogenolysis,neoglucogenesis,lipolysis,protein sysnthsis etc
2. The thyroid hormones helps in controlling the metabolism
3. The Estrogen(female sex hormone) is responsible for mensturation,reproduction etc
4. The Testosterone (male sex hormone) is responsible for sperm production,male tissues and organ developemnt etc.
5. The melatonin produced by the pineal gland induces sleep and serotonin that is derived from melatonin regulates mood and digestion etc
6. Adrenaline secerted by adrenal medulla is also known as emergency hormones which initiates in quick reactions when a situation occurs.It increases the metabolic rate .
7. Lutenizing hormones and follicle stimulating hormone are called gonadotropins as they regulate growth and developemnt of gonads,pubertal maturation and secretion of sex steroids.
8. Oxytocin is a hormone synthesized in magnocellular neurons of hypothalamus.Oxytocin is mainly synthesized in the para ventricular cells of hypothalamus.Oxytocin mediates two physiological reflexes: 1) Milk ejection reflex 2) Parturition reflex.
9. The Parathyroid hromone is a single chain polypeptide containing 84 amino acids.The PTH secretion is regulated mainly by plasma calcium and VIt D .The primary actions of PTH is to increase the level of calcium and decrease the level of phosphate in plasma.
10. Calcitonin is secrteted from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland.Calcitonin decreases the plasma calcium levels by acting mainly on bones and kidneys.