Question

A _________________ is an important characteristic related to the response variable which, when unaccounted for, may lead researchers to false conclusions about cause and effect.

Question 2 options:

	A) Confounder
	B) Placebo
	C) Bias
	D) Paradox
	E) Confidence Interval

In a double-blind experiment conducted to study the effectiveness of a new drug to relieve the common cold, a participant was given a sugar pill. After taking the pill, she finds she can breathe more easily, and her condition substantially improved. Which of the following describes this phenomenon?

Question 4 options:

	A) Simpson’s Paradox
	B) Equivalence Principle
	C) Placebo Effect
	D) Selection Bias
	E) Confounding

Question 5 (1 point)

Statistics can be an ‘art’ as different statisticians may use different methods of analysis in answering questions pertaining to a study.

Question 5 options:

	A) True
	B) False

Question 6 (1 point)

Researchers want to test a new type of surgical procedure. Individuals are randomly placed in one of two groups. Ten individuals receive the new surgery, while the other 10 individuals receive the old surgery as a control. The participants do not know which surgical procedure they receive. Researchers are aware of which individuals are placed in each group. Which of the following characteristics of a controlled experiment has not been satisfied?

Question 6 options:

	A) Comparison of treatment and control groups
	B) Randomization
	C) Blinding
	D) Double-blinding
	E) Selection bias

Question 7 (1 point)

Which of the following would not necessarily be considered one of the four principles of good practice in a controlled experiment?

Question 7 options:

	A) Make a comparison (treatment and control group)
	B) Randomize the group membership of the subjects
	C) Make sure to pull equally from younger and older individuals
	D) Make the experiment blind
	E) Make the experiment double-blind

Answer 1

4) Confounder is the correct answer.

A placebo is a substance with no known medical effects, such as sterile water, saline solution, or a sugar pill.

Bias refers to the tendency of a measurement process to over- or under-estimate the value of a population parameter.

Paradox is an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables after controlling for one or more other variables.

confidence interval (CI) is a type of interval estimate, computed from the statistics of the observed data, that might contain the true value of an unknown population parameter.

Thus, Confounder is an important characteristic related to the response variable which, when unaccounted for, may lead researchers to false conclusions about cause and effect.

  Placebo effect is the currect answer.In a double-blind experiment conducted to study the effectiveness of a new drug to relieve the common cold, a participant was given a sugar pill. After taking the pill, she finds she can breathe more easily, and her condition substantially improved.This is because of Placebo effect.

5)False.

  Statistics cannot be an ‘art’ as different statisticians may use different methods of analysis in answering questions pertaining to a study.Statistics consists of tests used to analyze data. These tests provide an analytic framework within which researchers can pursue their research questions. This framework provides one way of working with observable information. Like other analytic frameworks, statistical tests can be misused, resulting in potential misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Researchers decide which research questions to ask, which groups to study, how those groups should be divided, which variables to focus upon, and how best to categorize and measure such variables. The point is that researchers retain the ability to manipulate any study even as they decide what to study and how to study it.

6)Double blinding is the correct answer.

All others are mensioned in the clinical experiment. but double blinding is not.

In a clinical experiment double-blind means that neither the patients nor the researchers know who is getting a placebo and who is getting the treatment.But here researchers are aware of which individuals are placed in each group.

7)Option E ,Make the experiment double-blind is the correct answer.

' Make the experiment double-blind'  would not necessarily be considered one of the four principles of good practice in a controlled experiment.

Randomised control trials (RCTs) analyse what difference a programme makes through comparing those in the programme to a control group who do not receive it. Random assignment to the project and control groups overcomes selection bias which will otherwise occur from programme placement or self-selection.