Question

1. Describe the physical manifestations most commonly associated with the various shock states.

2. Describe prevention approaches that can be instituted in the critical care environment.

3. How does the heart work?

4. What causes of increased preload of the blood?

5. What causes of decreased preload of the blood?

Answer 1

1.

Physical manifestation associated with various shock stages:-

* Confusion (most important).

* Heart problems

* Allergic reactions.

* Infections.

* Weekness.

* Fast breathing.

* Anxiety.

* Consciousness,etc.

* Sweating.

2.

Critical care environment is with noises,equipments and other disturbances. So there should be a person arranged to manage the patient safety and also to manage the disturbances,etc.

3.

Heart:-

It pumps blood to the all parts of the body. Through the superior and venacava deoxygenated blood goes to right side of the heart that is from right atrium to right ventricle by tricuspid valve and reaches to the lungs through pulmonary artery.and here lungs purify the blood and oxygenated blood reaches to the left side of heart that is left atrium to left ventricle through bicuspid valve and reaches to aorta through aortic valve ,and though arch of aorta blood reaches to the all parts of the body. through this process heart works.

4.

* Increased central venous pressure lead to increase preload , due to sympathetic activation.

* Increased atrial contraction.

* Increased thoracic blood volume also lead to increase preload.

5.

* Reduced blood volume that may lead to decreased venous blood flow.

* Atrial arrhythmias this leads to impair atrial contraction.

Example :- atrial fibrillation.