Question

From the data collected below, show how you have followed all 14 of the steps on page 340 to compute the chi-square test of difference by completing the information in the charts below. Answer the hypothesis and interpret your findings. You can use the abbreviations provided in the first chart in Labels column of the second chart. For example, reference Japanese individuals who primarily utilized an action-based strategy to resolve a conflict episode as AJ.

	Japan (J)	United States (U)
Strategies:
Action-Based Strategy (A)	35	55
Communication-Based Strategy (B)	38	47
Abdication/Avoidance Strategy (C)	113	32
Confrontational Strategy (D)	30	100

Labels	Column 1	Minus	Column 2	Equals	Column 3	Column 4	Column 5
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=
		-		=

1. X²=
2. df =
3. Critical X²=
4. Interpretation =

Answer 1

We will perform the Chi-square test with the help of Excel.

Load the data into Excel.

Go to Megastat>Chi-square/crosstab.

Select the entire data set in the Input Range box and click OK.

The output is as follows:

Strategies		Japan (J)	United States (U)	Total
A	Observed	35	55	90
	Expected	43.20	46.80	90.00
	O - E	-8.20	8.20	0.00
	(O - E)² / E	1.56	1.44	2.99
B	Observed	38	47	85
	Expected	40.80	44.20	85.00
	O - E	-2.80	2.80	0.00
	(O - E)² / E	0.19	0.18	0.37
C	Observed	113	32	145
	Expected	69.60	75.40	145.00
	O - E	43.40	-43.40	0.00
	(O - E)² / E	27.06	24.98	52.04
D	Observed	30	100	130
	Expected	62.40	67.60	130.00
	O - E	-32.40	32.40	0.00
	(O - E)² / E	16.82	15.53	32.35
Total	Observed	216	234	450
	Expected	216.00	234.00	450.00
	O - E	0.00	0.00	0.00
	(O - E)² / E	45.63	42.12	87.76
		87.76	chi-square
		3	df
		6.64E-19	p-value

From the output, we have:

(a) Chi-square test statistic, X² = 87.76

(b) Degree of freedom, df = 3

(c) Critical X² for the significance level = 0.05 and df = 3 is 7.81472790.

(d) Interpretation: Since t_statistic is greater than the t_critical, we can reject the null hypothesis.