Question

Q1. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

Q2. WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

Q3. DESCRIBE THE PHASES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

Answer 1

1,

Kidney had many functions in the human body. The main function of kidney is to excrete the waste products from the body in the form of urine. Functions of kidney include:

Maintaining the homeostasis by excretion of waste products, maintaining water balance, maintaining electrolyte balance and maintaining acid base balance.

Endocrine function in which kidney secrete hormones such as erythropoietin, renin, prostaglandin etc.

Regulating blood pressure by activating renin angiotensin mechanism.

2,

Renin angiotensin system is controlled by the kidney which gelp in maintaining normal blood pressure in the body.

Stimulation of renin is stimulated by 4 factors:

Fall in blood pressure

Reduction in extra cellular fluid volume

Increased sympathetic activity

Decreased load of sodium and chloride in macula densa

When renin is released into the blood it acts on a specific plasma protein called angiotensinogen. By the activity of renin angiotensinogen converted into decapeptide called angiotensin I. It is then converted into angiotensin II, which is an octapeptide by the activity of ACE secreted from lungs. Then it rapidly degraded into angiotensin III and angiotensin IV. Angiotensin III and IV causes vasoconstruction and increase aldosterone secretion. Angiotensin II action include regulation of GFR, increase blood pressure, increase ADH secretion etc.

3,

Female reproductive cycle or menstrual cycle include 3 phases.

Menstural phase: After ovulation if pregnancy does not occur the thickened endometrium is shed. The process of shedding and exit of uterine lining along with blood and fluid is called menstruation. This phase last upto 5 days.

Proliferative phase: It extend upto 5th to 14th day of menstration, Phase between the day when menstration stops and the day of ovulation,

Secretory phase: It extends upto 15 to 28 th day of menstation. The phas between the day of ovulation and the day when menstration of next cycle commences.