Question

Loftus and Palmer (1974) demonstrated how the phrasing of questions regarding a perceived event could influence witnesses' memories of the event.  In other words, memory is malleable depending on what and how we are asked to recall or describe a past event. The implication of this research is that people who witness a crime, an auto accident, or some other emotionally charged event can be led to certain conclusions about what they recall due to the specific questions asked by police or lawyers.

            In a replication of this classic study, an investigator showed a film of two cars crashing into each other to a group of participants.  Later, some participants were asked: "How fast were the cars going when they smashedinto each other?"  A second group was asked: "How fast were the cars going when they bumpedinto each other?" A third group was asked: "How fast were the cars going when they contactedeach other?"  Participants in each condition estimated (in miles per hour) the speed at which the vehicle was traveling.  The results are presented in the table below.

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
Verb	"Smashed"	"Bumped"	"Contacted"
	30	20	10
	25	16	14
	22	18	12
	27	18	10

A. Conduct a one-way analysis of variance on the above data (show your work).

  

B. Did the phrasing of questions about the event affect the participants’ recall? Based on these results, what can you conclude about the effect of question phrasing on recall of emotionally charged events? Given the context of this study explain the results in plain English

Answer 1

ANSWER::

State the hypotheses. The first step is to state the null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.

Null hypothesis: μ1 = μ2 = μ3

Alternative hypothesis: At-least one of the μ is not equal.

Formulate an analysis plan. For this analysis, the significance level is 0.05.

Analyze sample data.

F statistics is given by:-

F = 35.83

Fcritical = 4.26

The P-value = 0.00052

Interpret results. Since the P-value (0.00052) is less than the significance level (0.05), we have to reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:-

Reject H0, There is sufficient evidence for significant differences between the three groups.

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