Question

Data modeling is a key component to creating a database. There are all different aspects of data modeling, with concerns from various things to the methodology of modeling, to software, to interfaces used between each model.

Paper: Write a 3 page paper (at model 1.2 spacing, 12 pt font, 1 inch margins with at most one half of the paper including a figure, citations not included) on some aspect of data modeling in industry. You must use reliable academic and industry resources. You must have at least one resource that connects your topic to industry. Write up should not exceed 4 pages, excluding citations. Example topics include:

• Data modeling challenges in transportation industry (logistics)
• Data modelling notations or techniques other than the ER or relational model (Bachman diagrams, Barker's notation, Chen's notation, Data Vault Modeling, Extended Backus–Naur form, IDEF1X, Object-relational mapping, Object-Role Modeling, Relational Model, Relational Model/Tasmania)
• Data modelling case study for a specific company.
• Suggestions for other topics from students will also be taken.

Answer 1

Answer :

Data modeling:

1. Definition: In software engineering, data modeling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stores in a data base.

2. Data modeling answers a set of specific questions that are relevant to any data processing application. What are the primary data objects to be processed by the system? What is the composition of each data object and what attributes describe the object? Where do the objects currently reside? What are the relationships between each object and other objects? What are the relationships between the objects and the processes that transform them? To answer these questions, data modeling methods make use of the entity relationship diagram. The ERD enables a software engineer to identify data objects and their relationships using a graphical notation.

3. Different types of data models are:

a. Internal data model – It deals with the physical representation of the data base on the computer and thus it is also known as physical model.

b. Conceptual data model – It deals with the logical structure of the database and is also called as logical model.

c. External data model – It deals with the user’s view of data and is also known as view level.

4. Challenges in data modeling are:

a. The user may not be having proper documents regarding the requirements of the new software.

b. Sometimes the requirements and demands of the user will be more.

c. Selection of data modeling tools requires wise decision.

d. No proper plan in the architecture of the project.

e. Modeling of the software should happen at the right time in the software development cycle.

f. Sometime user need training .

g. Data modelers may not be able to understand the business requirements of the users.

5. Most healthcare data sources store information within their own unique schemas, making reliable and reproducible research challenging. Consequently, researchers have adopted various data models to improve the efficiency of research. Transforming and loading data into these models is a labor intensive process that can alter the semantics of the original data. Therefore, we created a data model with a hierarchical structure that simplifies the transformation process and minimizes data alteration.

6. In government organizations also proper metadata management is essential. In insurance industry also many challenges are there, which includes improper data segregation, multiple data sources, huge amount of data etc.

7. The data model consists of three integrated pieces of information:

a. Data objects – It is a representation of almost any composite information that must be understood by software. Composite information means something that has a number of different properties or attributes. For example, a person or a car can be viewed as a data object.

b. Relationships – Data objects are related to one another. For example, person can own car, where the relationship own makes a specific connection between the person and the car. The relationships connect entities and represents meaningful dependencies among them. Different types of relationships are one – to- one , one – to –many, many –to – one and many –to-many relationships.

c. Attributes – It define the properties of a data object and take on one of three different characteristics , which are name an instance of the data object, describe the instance or make reference to another instance in another table.

8. There are several styles used to draw entity relationship diagrams. The Kendall and Kendall text uses the Crow’s Foot notation. Using this notation entities are represented by rectangles and relationships are indicated by lines connecting the rectangle. Cardinality is shown by a series of tick marks and crow feet superimposed on the relationship.

9. Peter Chen developed ERD and later Charles Bachman and James Martin have added some refinement to the basic ERD principals.

(Model diagrams are also attached)

10. The relational data base approach was able to replace hierarchical and network model. A relation is used to represent the information about any entity and its relationships with other entities.

Case study

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