Question

Which of the following systems functions in part due to differences in relative concentrations of items (chemical or energetic units) (select all that apply)?

Select one or more:

a. Circulatory system gas transfer

b. Circulatory system gas transferRespiratory system gas transfer

c. Thermoregulatory counter-current heat exchange

d. Excretory system nephron filtration

e. Neuronal action potentials

Answer 1

Answers should be - a) circulatory system has exchange.

e) neuronal action potential.

Gas exchange at the tissue level and at the level of lungs in blood vessels via diffusion both depends upon the relative concentration of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Neuronal action potential is also dependent on the relative concentration of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell, changes in which will cause generation of action potential. Movement of sodium inside the cell will lead to depolarization and hence generation of an action potential .

Respiratory gas transport occurs due to difference in the the pressure in the thoracic cavity and atmosphere, there is no role of chemical and energetic units. Hence option b should be incorrect.

Thermoregulatory countercurrent heat exchange is a type of negative feedback loop mechanism in which sensors sense the temperature and sends it to hypothalamus where it is integrated and sends information to the effectors such as sweat glands ,blood vessels etc hence option c is incorrect

Excretory system nephron filteration, in this process blood is filtered out at the level of glomerulus, the filterate is thus passed across the length of nephron and undergoes processes like reabsorption, and secretion which are based on relative concentration of ions and not the filteration process. Hence option d is incorrect.