Question

What is the purpose of equipping a robot with a sensing system?

2) What are the categories of photo-electric sensors? Define each category

3) What are tactile sensors? Give example of how tactile sensors are used.

So send the answer by word document

Answer 1

1. The major purpose of equipping a robot with sensory system is to promote its sensing capabilities .Which is the major requirement for the robots to read the data and execute the instructions given to robot accordingly.
2. There are different categories of photoelectric sensors and they are:

1. photoelectric sensor

                     Photo eye, is an equipment used to discover the distance, absence, or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and aphotoelectric receiver. They are largely used in industrial manufacturing. There are three different useful types: opposed (through beam), retro-reflective, and proximity-sensing (diffused).

1. optical position sensor

       It can measure a position of a light spot in one or two-dimensions on a sensor surface.

1. Phototube

photoelectric cell is a type ofgas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light. Such a tube is more correctly called a 'photoemissive cell' to distinguish it from photovoltaic or photoconductive cells. Phototubes were previously more widely used but are now replaced in many applications by solid state photodetectors. The photomultiplier tube is one of the most sensitive light detectors, and is still widely used in physics research.

1. photodetectors

       sensorslightelectromagnetic^[1]p–n junctionelectron–hole pairsdepletion regionSolar cells

       (3)   A tactile sensor is a device that measures information arising from physical interaction with its environment. Tactile sensors are generally modeled after the biological sense of cutaneous touch which is capable of detecting stimuli resulting from mechanical stimulation, temperature, and pain (although pain sensing is not common in artificial tactile sensors). Tactile sensors are used in robotics, computer hardware and security systems. A common application of tactile sensors is in touchscreen devices on mobile phones and computing.

Tactile sensors may be of different types including piezoresistive, piezoelectric, capacitive and elastoresistive sensors

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNAand various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek, which means to squeeze or press.Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie.

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field). For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of ultrasonic sound waves.