Question

Endometriosis:

1) What is endometriosis?

2) List at least 3 predisposing factors for endometriosis.

3) What are the signs and symptoms associated with endometriosis?

4) How is endometriosis diagnosed?

5) How is endometriosis treated?

References:

Ovarian Cysts:

1) What are ovarian cysts?  (You do not need to name the various types.)

2) What are the signs and symptoms associated with ovarian cysts?

3) How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

4) How are ovarian cysts treated?

References:

PID:

1) What is the long form for PID?

2) What is PID?

3) What tissues can be affected/involved?

4) What are some causes and risk factors for PID?

​   Causes​Risk Factors

5) What are some signs and symptoms associated with PID?

6) How is PID treated?

7) How can PID lead to infertility?

Uterine Leiomyomas:

1) By what other name(s) are uterine leiomyomas known?

2) What are some signs and symptoms associated with uterine leiomyomas?

3) What is UAE and briefly describe what is done?

References:

Hysterectomy:

1) Distinguish between the terms “complete or total,” “partial or subtotal’” and “radical” as they apply to hysterectomies.

Aborttion:

1) Distinguish the terms “spontaneous abortion” and “induced abortion.”

2) List some causes of spontaneous abortion?

3) Explain/define the following terms as they apply to abortion:

a) threatened abortion:

b) inevitable abortion:

c) incomplete abortion:

d) complete abortion:

e) missed abortion:

f) habitual abortion:

g) septic abortion:

4) What is “cerclage?”

References:

Abruptio Placentae:

1) What is abruptio placentae?

2) Distinguish between:

​a) mild abruption placentae:

​b) moderate abruptio placentae:

​c) severe abruptio placentae:

3) List some predisposing factors for abruptio placentae.

References:

Ectopic Pregnancy:

1) What is an ectopic pregnancy?

2) List some causes/risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.

References:

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease:

1) What is a hydatidiform mole? What are some signs and symptoms associated with it?

2) What is an invasive mole?

3) What is choriocarcinoma?

References:

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension:

1) What is preeclampsia?

2) What are some signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?

3) How is it diagnosed and treated?

4) What is eclampsia?

5) What are signs and symptoms of eclampsia?

6) What is HELLP syndrome?

References:

Answer 1

Endometriosis

1. endometriosis is defined as the implantation of endometrial tissue at places other than the uterus. The endometrial tissue may get implanted in the ovaries, fallopian tubes and cervix. Rarely it may implant to kidney, spleen, lungs, stomach.
2. Family history of endometriosis increases the risk for developing endometriosis.
Dysmenorrhea i.e. heavy bleeding or bleeding for longer period during menstruation as well as irregularity in menstruation all increases risk for endometriosis.
Malformation of ovaries and fallopian tube can also result in endometriosis.
3. Signs and symptoms of endometriosis :

- dysmenorrhea including heavy bleeding and irregular menstruation.
- pain in the pelvic, abdominal and back region.
- pain during micturition and defecation

- nausea and vomiting

4. Diagnosis

Blood tests include CBC.

Urinalysis is often performed

Test for presence of autoantibodies against Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen bearing proteins helps diagnose endometriosis.
Presence of marker CCR1 in blood also help diagnose endometriosis.
Imaging techniques includes CT, MRI, ultra sonography and Hysterosalpingography to detect the presence of endometrial tissue.
5. Treatment :

Medical treatment:

- combination oral contraceptive pills

- progestational drugs such Medroxyprogesterone acetate

- GnRH analogues such as goserelin

- NSAIDs for pain relief

Surgical management includes procedures such as Drainage and laparoscopic cystectomy, ablation and presacral neurectomy, hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy.