Question

1. The presence of which hormone in a woman's blood is indicative of pregnancy (and is tested for in a pregnancy test?) What is the function of this hormone?

2. During menstruation, a large number of leukocytes are lost along with the endometrial tissues and bloody fluid. Several hypothesis have been proposed as to the purpose of this phenomenon. Propose a hypothesis of your own.

3. Explain how the drug sildenafil (Viagra, or Cialis) acts to facilitate erection for males affected by ED (erectile dysfunction).

4. Explain the likely consequences if a genetic male embryo (genotype XY) failed to develop testes

Answer 1

1)

The human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG).

• The human chorionic gonadotropin test is done to measure the amount of HCG in blood and urine to detect a woman is pregnant.
• HCG is a protein hormone and produced in early stages of pregnancy.
• The main functions of HCG is to keep corpus luteum functioning,so that the corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone.

2)

Mensturation

• When corpus luteum degenerrates the hormonal support of endometrium is withdrawn.This causes endometrium becomes necrotic.
• The coiled arteries constrict and reduce blood supply to endometrium.
• The Foci of necrosis coalesce leading to confluent hemorrhage which occurs along with sloughing of emdometrium.This results in menstural bleeding.
• During the premenstural phase a drop in progesterone causes endometrial retraction and degeneration.
• Leukocytes infilterate endometriumand the coiled arteries constricts and ischemia reults. and the endometrium shrinks and comes out along with leukocutes.

​​​​​​​3)

• Sildenafil (Viagra) is a oral medication used for erectile dysfunctions.
• When it administerd orally it reverse erectile dysfunction by enhancing the effect of Nitric oxide and relaxes the muscles in pe-nis.
• This increases the blood flow to the pe-nis and get harder erection in response to sexual stimulation.