Question

Chapter Five has five objectives:

Describe and explain the difference between "Top-Down" and "Bottom-Up" Perception. Give a clear example of each.

What is "Light" and what is "Color"?

Name and briefly describe at least FOUR parts on an eye

What are Rods and Cones and explain the difference between the two.

Describe what the term "transduction" means and what are THREE of five ways it occurs?

Chapter Eight has five objectives:

Describe and give an example of the THREE ways we respond to the environment.

Describe and give an example of the THREE types of learned behaviors.

Describe the TWO types of Associative Learning

Describe and give an example of the FOUR types of Operant Conditioning

Describe and give an example of the FOUR Schedules of Reinforcement. Which schedule is the most efficient at controlling behavior?

Please clearly separate your answers for each objective so it is clear to which objective you are answering.

For full credit you must cite any information that is not your own words even if pulled from my lecture, my lecture slides, the textbook, posted YouTube videos or any other internet source! accordind the book discovery psychology the science of mind 3rd edition

Answer 1

1. Top-down perception- When the perception of a new stimulus or reality of new perception is based on prior experiences and stored information. In this processing, a person first perceives the whole stimulus and then interpret its parts if needed.

Bottom-up perception- Here information is carried in one direction from the retina to the visual cortex. This concept explained by Gibson through the direct theory of perception, in which he said what we see is what we get from the environment. So, people first get information from environment then form belief, experiences, and memory on the basis of the given information. Here, people first, perceive individual parts of a stimulus and then organize them as whole if possible.  

2. Light- It is the electromagnetic radiation in the section of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye.

Colour- It is the perception of light, how we are perceiving the light waves coming in the eyes after reflecting surfaces of objects. Various colours depending on the wavelength of the light.

3. There are several parts of eyes such as Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Cornea, Optic nerve, Rodes, Cones, etc. but here I am going to discuss four parts of eyes-

Iris- It is the coloured part of eye. It helps to adjust size of the pupil to control the amount of light enters into the eye. It also helps to focus on the object.

Retina- It is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It consists of three layers- Ganglion layer, bipolar layer and photoreceptors(rods and cones).

Lens- It is the clear structure that helps to focus on objects by visual accommodations.

Cornea- It is the clear membrane that covered eye. It protects the eye and also focuses on the light coming into the eye.

4. Rods and cones are the photoreceptor cells. They are responsible for different aspects of vision. Cones are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, so they are responsible for color vision but rides are sensitive for change in brightness not for wavelength so they perceive black and white.

5. Transduction- It is the process in which the physical energy of a stimulus is converted into neural signals/ nerve impulse or action potential. This physical stimulation receives from taste, touch, smell, vision, and hearing to convert into neural impulse.