Question

10.1 Genetics and Hormones Influence Biological Sex

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

biological sex:

XX sex chromosomes:

XY sex chromosomes:

testes:

ovaries:

puberty:

estrogens:

estradiol:

androgens:

testosterone:

secondary sex characteristics:

genitals:

primary sex characteristics:

menarche:

spermarche:

semenarche:

2. Understand biological sex by summarizing in your own words the two ways that genetics and the two ways that hormones make people biologically male or female.

Describe how genetics and hormones make us biologically male or female. (Complete this activity below.)

10.2 Biological Sex Is Not Always Clear

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

intersex:

Klinefelter syndrome:

Turner syndrome:

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH):

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS):

2. Analyze the two main biological causes of being intersex by describing these causes in your own words.

Organize a table showing how intersexuality may result from two biological causes. (Complete this activity below.)

10.3 People Have Mental Categories of What Is Masculine and What Is Feminine

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

gender:

gender schemas:

gender stereotypes:

hijra:

2. Analyze your gender schemas by organizing a chart that shows what you consider to be more masculine and more feminine with respect to clothes, hair, jobs, traits, and habits.

Create a chart that shows how you personally categorize information about what is masculine and what is feminine. (Complete this activity below.)

10.4 Gender Roles Affect How People Act

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

gender roles:

gender role socialization:

2. Apply gender role socialization by describing the three ways that social interactions helped you learn the gender roles for men and women in your culture.

Using the three ways that social interactions help people learn gender roles, describe how you learned gender roles in your culture. (Complete this activity below.)

10.5 Gender Identity Also Affects How People Act

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

gender identity:

cognitive development theory:

gender expression:

2. Apply gender to yourself by describing your own gender identity and gender expression.

Describe your own gender identity and gender expression. (Complete this activity below.)

10.6 People Vary in Gender Identity

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

cisgender:

genderqueer:

androgynous:

transgender:

gender dysphoria:

2. Understand gender identity by using your own words to name and explain the four main variations in gender identity.

Describe in your own words the four main variations in gender identity. (Complete this activity below.)

10.7 Variations in Sexual Orientation Are Normal

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

sexual orientation:

heterosexual (straight):

straight:

homosexual (gay or lesbian):

bisexual:

sexual fluidity:

asexual:

queer:

2. Understand variations in sexual orientation by summarizing in your own words the four main types of sexual orientation.

Describe in your own words the four main types of sexual orientation. (Complete this activity below.)

10.8 Biology Influences the Development of Sexual Orientation

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

fraternal birth order effect:

male-specific antigens:

2. Analyze how biology relates to sexual orientation by describing in your own words the four biological factors that are associated with sexual orientation.

Organize a chart that shows how research reveals four ways that biological factors are associated with sexual orientation. (Complete this activity below.)

10.9 Biology Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

desire:

sexual response cycle:

excitement phase:

plateau phase:

orgasm phase:

resolution phase:

refractory period:

menopause:

2. Understand the two ways that biology influences the motivation to have sex by summarizing in your own words how the sexual response cycle and hormones influence sexual motivation.

Break down how the sexual response cycle and hormones influence sexual motivation. (Complete this activity below.)

10.10 Environmental Context Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

sexual strategies theory:

2. Apply the three ways that environment influences the motivation for sex by explaining how culture, mate preferences, and stimuli in your environment have affected your motivation (or the motivation of someone you know) for sex.

Explain the three ways the environment has influenced your motivation for sex or the motivation of someone you know. (Complete this activity below.)

10.11: Individual Differences Influence the Motivation for Sexual Activity

1. Understand all bold and italic terms by writing explanations of them in your own words.

Describe each key term using your own words. (Complete this activity below.)

paraphilia:

fetishism:

exhibitionism:

voyeurism:

frotteurism:

transvestism:

sexual sadism:

sexual masochism:

paraphilic disorder:

pedophilia:

sexual sadism disorder:

sexual masochism disorder:

sexual dysfunction:

2. Understand individual differences in sexual motivation by naming and explaining the two categories of individual differences that can increase or decrease a person’s motivation for sex.

Describe the two categories of individual differences that may increase or reduce a person’s motivation for sex. (Complete this activity below.)

Answer 1

Describe each key term using your own words:

biological sex: Is the label assigned to a person at birth, based on certain factors like, chromosomes, hormones, genitals etc.

XX sex chromosomes: XX sex chromosomes is a part of the sex determination system genetically, wherein when an X gamate from the mother an X gamete from the father fuse to form a zygote the subsequent offspring is said to have the XX sex chromosome, which is a female.

XY sex chromosomes: XY sex chromosomes is a part of the sex determination system genetically, wherein when an X gamate from the mother an Y gamete from the father fuse to form a zygote the subsequent offspring is said to have the XX sex chromosome, which is a male.

testes: are the male reproducticve organs primarily responsible for the production of sperms and the male hormones (Example: testosterone).

ovaries: are the female reproducticve organs primarily responsible for the production of eggs and the female hormones (Example: estrogen).

puberty: is that stage of life when being becomes sexually mature and is capable of reproduction.

estrogens: are female sex hormones produced by the ovaries. Can control menstrual cycle and also help in the development of the secondary sex characteristics. Chemically similar hormones in the estrogen class is estradiol, estriol and estrone.

estradiol: is the major sex hormone in females. Responsible for the regulation of menstrual reproductive cycles and the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

androgens: are male sex hormones produced by the testes. Rseponsible for the development the male secondary sex characteristics. They are mainly testosterone or dihydrotestosterone or androstenedione.

testosterone: is a major male sex hormone. Responsible for the development of male sex organs and male secondary sex characteristics.

secondary sex characteristics: features that develop during puberty or sexual maturity. In males it is growth of body hair (underarm, abdominal, chest, pubic), growth of facial hair, larynx enlargement and deepening of voice, heavier bone structure, increased muscle mass and strength, etc. In females it is breast enlargement, errection of nipples, growth of body hair (underarm and pubic), labia minora, widening of hips, etc.

genitals: are external sex organs. They are secondary sex organs. In males they are the penis, urethra, scrotum, ejaculatory duct, bulbourethral gland, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, testes and seminal fesicle. In females they are the pudendum, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

primary sex characteristics: These are the features that occur directly in the sex organs, those characteristics with which the person is born.

menarche: The phase in a female when the menstruation begins in her life. The first menstrual bleeding, at the onset of puberty in females.

spermarche: the development of sperm in the testes of males. It is the onset of puberty in males.

semenarche: another term for spermarche.

Describe how genetics and hormones make us biologically male or female:

Genetically, males are known to have the XY chromosome, while females have the XX chromosome. The presence of the Y chromosome gives rise to the primary and secondary male sex characteristics making the XY chromosome carriers biologically male. In females only one of the two X chromosomes are active. However, 15% the other X chromosome is also active. Therefore this 15% extra expression of the X chromosome along with the absence of the Y chromosome gives rise to the primary and secondary female sex characteristics making the XX chromosome carriers biologically female.

In all humans, testosterone and estrogens are present, but their level of productions in different humans segregate them into males and females. Males have increased levels of testosterone, whereas females have increased levels of estrogen. These hormones basically differentiate the developement of the sex characteristics in males and females.

Describe each key term using your own words:

intersex: are people born with certain primary sex cheracteristics, but donot seem to fit into that category.

Klinefelter syndrome: is an anomaly that occurs when the chrmomsomes are not separated equally at the the time of meiosis leading to the female eggs having XX instead of X. Now when this egg fuses with a Y sperm from a male the resulting zygote would be an XXY. The individual developed from such a zygote is said to have a sex chromosome of XXY having the Klinefelter syndrome. Such a person has the following characteristics:

• weaker muscles
• greater height
• lesser body hair
• breast growth

Turner syndrome: is an anomaly that occurs when the chrmomsomes are not separated equally at the the time of meiosis leading to the gamete having no chromosome. Now when this gamete fuses with an X gamete, the resulting zygote would be an X0. The individual developed from such a zygote is said to have a sex chromosome of X0 having the Turner's syndrome. Such a person has the following characteristics:

• webbed neck
• low set ears
• short stature
• swollen hands

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): is a genetic disorder that affects the adrenal glands. The adgrenal glands are inportant for the production of cortisol, mineralocorticoids and adrogens. The characteristics of people with this disorder are:

• ambiguous genitalia
• rapid growth during childhood
• BP maintenance problems