Question

What is the output of the following statements?

a. cout << ("Jack" <= "John" && "Business" >= "Accounting") << endl;

b.cout << boolalpha << ((10 <= 15 - 2) && (15 >= 20) || (15 - 2 != 20)) << endl;

c.cout << !(30 > 10) << endl;

d.cout << showpos << (6 <= 5 || 3 < 15) << endl;

e.cout << boolalpha << ("bill" > "billy") << endl;

Answer 1

Above codes are written in C++ programming language:

cout is used to display the output in console in C++.

There are few C++ mainpulator functions used in the above code:

endl : A pre-defined function used to insert a new line. It works same as "\n"

boolapha : A pre-defined function used to displaye the output of boolean values in string : true or false

true is displayed when output is 1

false is displayed when output is 0

showpos : A pre-defined function used to display plus/positive sign "+" with boolean flag

+1 is displayed when output is 1

+0 is displayed when output is 0

a. cout << ("Jack" <= "John" && "Business" >= "Accounting") << endl;

OUTPUT : 0

Explanation:

To compare two strings , we compare each alphabet of string from left to right side one by one

1. If first alphabet of one string while comparing become greater or less than first alphabet of other string, we stop the comparison there and it becomes the final result.

Example : "Hello" and "Jam" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'J' , as H< J, comparison will end here.

, Hello is less than Jam , and Jam will become greater string

2. If first or more alphabets of one string is equal to first or more alphabets of other string, then we move to the next succedding alphabet of both strings for comparing values.

Example : "Hello" and "Hi" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'H' , as both are equal ,

We will move to next alphabet for comparison:

'e' and 'i' , as e< i , comparison will end here.

, Hello is less than Hi , and "Hi " will become greater string

3. If one string's length is greater than other string's length and alphabates are same for both string , except for the last alphabet for string which is having more length , then string with greater length will become the greater string

Example : "Hello" and "Helloy" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'H' , as both are equal ,

We will move to next alphabet for comparison:

'e' and 'e' , as both are equal ,

Similarly till 'o', strings are equal

"Helloy" is string with greater length

Hence; "Hello" <"Helloy" and "Helloy" will become greater string

Note : Loop of comparing alphabet of both strings donot stop until , final result is achieved

Now, Firstly , we will compare strings:

"Jack" <= "John" --> True

Lets , start with first alphabets 'J' and 'J' -> both are equal , move to next alphabet

'a' and 'o' -> Since, "a" is smaller than 'o' , "a" <'o' ,

that means , "Jack" will become less than "John", hence , comparison is true

Similarly , "Business" >= "Accounting" -> False

Here, && -> Logical AND operator

if one value is False , when comparing with AND operator ; result will become False

("Jack" <= "John" && "Business" >= "Accounting") -->

True && False --> False

[if one value is False , when comparing with AND operator ; result will become False]

Boolean value of false is 0

Therefore, final result will be 0

___________________________________________

b. cout << boolalpha << ((10 <= 15 - 2) && (15 >= 20) || (15 - 2 != 20)) << endl;

OUTPUT : true

Here, && -> Logical AND operator

if one value is False , when comparing with AND operator ; result will become False

|| -> Logical OR operator

if one value is True , when comparing with OR operator ; result will become True

Firstly we compare the arithematic expressions:

10 <= 15 - 2 -> 10 <=13 -> True

15 >= 20 -> False

15 - 2 != 20 -> 13 != 20 -> True

Now : , we will start from left to right side for logical comparison

(10 <= 15 - 2) && (15 >= 20) -> True && False -> False

[if one value is False , when comparing with AND operator ; result will become False]

((10 <= 15 - 2) && (15 >= 20) || (15 - 2 != 20))

From previous equation :

False || (15 - 2 != 20) - > False || True -> True

[if one value is True , when comparing with OR operator ; result will become True]

Boolean value of True is 1

We have used boolalpha function here , so string value of boolean value will be displayed in result

Therefore, final result will be true

____________________________________________

c. cout << !(30 > 10) << endl;

OUTPUT : 0

Explanation:

! operator is used to Logical Not operator , It is used to complement the value :

if value is true , it will make it false

if value is false, it will convert it to true

Firstly we compare the arithematic expressions:

30 > 10 -> true

!(30 > 10) - > ! (true) -> false  

Boolean value of false is 0

Therefore, final result will be 0

__________________________

d. cout << showpos << (6 <= 5 || 3 < 15) << endl;

OUTPUT : +1

Explanation:

Here, || -> Logical OR operator

if one value is True , when comparing with OR operator ; result will become True

Firstly we compare the arithematic expressions:

6<=5 -> False

3<15 -> True

False || True -> True [ if one value is True , when comparing with OR operator ; result will become True]

Boolean value of True is 1

We have used showpos function here , so plus sign will be appended in front of the result

Therefore, final result will be +1

____________________________________________

e. cout << boolalpha << ("bill" > "billy") << endl;

OUTPUT : false

Explanation:

To compare two strings , we compare each alphabet of string from left to right side one by one

1. If first alphabet of one string while comparing become greater or less than first alphabet of other string, we stop the comparison there and it becomes the final result.

Example : "Hello" and "Jam" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'J' , as H< J, comparison will end here.

, Hello is less than Jam , and Jam will become greater string

2. If first or more alphabets of one string is equal to first or more alphabets of other string, then we move to the next succedding alphabet of both strings for comparing values.

Example : "Hello" and "Hi" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'H' , as both are equal ,

We will move to next alphabet for comparison:

'e' and 'i' , as e< i , comparison will end here.

, Hello is less than Hi , and "Hi " will become greater string

3. If one string's length is greater than other string's length and alphabates are same for both string , except for the last alphabet for string which is having more length , then string with greater length will become the greater string

Example : "Hello" and "Helloy" are two strings to compare

We will start with first alphabet:

'H' and 'H' , as both are equal ,

We will move to next alphabet for comparison:

'e' and 'e' , as both are equal ,

Similarly till 'o', strings are equal

"Helloy" is string with greater length

Hence; "Hello" <"Helloy" and "Helloy" will become greater string

Note : Loop of comparing alphabet of both strings donot stop until , final result is achieved

Now, Firstly , we will compare strings:

"bill" > "billy" -> false

Here, "billy" is word with greater length

and both the string have same alphabets except last alphabet for string with larger length

So, "billy" is the greater string

which , makes this arithematic expression , "bill" > "billy" -> false

Boolean value of false is 0

We have used boolalpha function here , so string value of boolean value will be displayed in result

Therefore, final result will be false