Describe how bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays are created. Why are there no characteristic x-rays created under 70 kVp? Be thorough in your answer and cover each step in the process (2 points).

Emission lines from the hydrogen Hβ line (rest wavelength of 486.1 nm) are observed in the spectrum of a spiral galaxy at redshift z = 0.9. The galaxy's disk is observed to be inclined at an angle of 45 degrees to the line of sight. The central wavelength of the line is observed to be shifted by 0.5 nm to the red on one side of the galaxy, and by 0.5 nm to the blue on the other side of the galaxy. What is the rotation speed of the galaxy? Hint: you must also account that the redshift expands wavelength differences (Δλ_measured = (1+z)Δλ_emitted)

You throw a ball toward a wall with a speed of 25.0 m/s and a launch angle of 40° relative to the ground. The wall is 22.0 m from the point where you are standing.

1. How far above the release point does the ball hit the wall?

2. What is the velocity as the ball hits the wall?

3. When it hits, has it passed the highest point of its trajectory?

4. At the point where the ball hits the wall, what is the magnitude and direction of the ball of its displacement relative to the release point?

An elevator with mass 500 Kg starts from rest and moves upward 20.0 m in 5.00 s. What is the average rate with which the force from the cable is doing work on the elevator?
g = 9.8 m / s2

A m = 4.0 mg insect has acquired a charge of q = -5.5 nC by flying close to a developing thunderhead. The insect

1.Two balls of mass 5 kg each moving in opposite directions with equal speed say 10 m/s collide head on with each other. Predict the outcome of the collision assuming it to be

Perfectly elastic?

Perfectly inelastic?

Two blocks of masses ?₁ = 700 ? and ?₂ = 1100 ? are connected by a cord of negligible mass and hung over a disk- shaped pulley, as shown in the figure. The pulley has a mass of

? = 1.50 ?? and a radius of ? = 14 ??, and rotates about a light- weight axle through its center. The axle itself is hung from the ceiling by two like cords of negligible mass and is held horizontally. The system is released from rest.

1. Draw a free-body diagram for each of the blocks and the pulley separately. (??)
2. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the blocks. (??)
3. Find the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the pulley. (??)
4. Find the magnitude of tensions in the cords, ?₁, ?₂, and ?₃. (See the figure.) (??)

You are pulling a rope that is attached to a sled that your cousin is riding on. The rope that you are pulling on is at an angle of 30 degrees above the surface of the snow. Your cousin is holding a second rope that is attached to a second sled that is carrying firewood. The rope that your cousin is pulling is parallel to the surface of the snow. The mass of your cousin and her sled is 45 kg. The mass of the firewood and the sled carrying the firewood is 100 kg. The kinetic friction coefficient between the sleds and the snow is 0.1. Both sleds are speeding up at 0.5 m/s 2. 1.Sketch and label all parameters 2.Draw free body diagrams needed to solve the problems. 3. Determine how much force your cousin needs to pull on the rope attached to the sled with the firewood. 4.Determine the force you are exerting on the rope.

Water is moving with a speed of 11.3 m/s through a pipe with a cross-sectional area of 4.5 cm². The water gradually descends 30.0 m as the pipe's cross section increases by a factor of three.
What is the speed of flow at the lower level?

How much higher is the pressure at the lower level compared to the upper level?

Object 1 is held at rest at the top of a rough inclined plane of length ? = 1.5 ? and angle ? = 25∘. When it is released, it moves with an acceleration of 2 ? down the plane. a) Find the coefficient of kinetic friction ?? of the inclined plane. (??) b) Find the speed of Object 1 when it reaches the bottom of the plane. (??) At the bottom of the inclined plane, Object 1 arrives at a smooth (frictionless) horizontal surface where it hits Object 2 of three times mass of Object 1 (?2 = 3?1). c) Assuming an elastic collision, find the speeds of Objects 1 and 2 just after the collision

Rewrite the following vectors in terms of their magnitude and angle (counterclockwise from the +x direction).

(a) A displacement vector with an x component of +9.1 m and a y component of -9.5 m.

(b) A velocity vector with an x component of -98 m/s and a y component of +38 m/s.

(c) A force vector with a magnitude of 54 lb that is in the third quadrant with an x component whose magnitude is 33 lb.

Two identical objects, A and B, are thermally and mechanically isolated from the rest of the world. Their initial temperatures are TA > TB. Each object has heat capacity C (the same for both objects) which is independent of temperature.
(a) Suppose the objects are placed in thermal contact and allowed to come to thermal equilibrium. What is their final temperature? How much entropy is created in this process? How much work is done on the outside world in this process?

(b) Instead, suppose objects A (temperature TA) and B (temperature TB < TA) are used as the high and low temperature heat reservoirs of a heat engine. The engine extracts energy from object A (lowering its temperature), does work on the outside world, and dumps waste heat to object B (raising its temperature). When the temperatures of A and B are the same, the heat engine is in the same state as it started and the process is finished. Suppose this heat engine is the most efficient heat engine possible. In other words, it performs the maximum work possible. What is the final temperature of the objects? How much entropy is created in this process? How much work is done on the outside world in this process?

1. Water flows through a 3 inch diameter pipe at a velocity of 10 ft/s. Find the a) volume flow rate in cfs(cubic feet per second) and gpm(gallons per minute) b) mass flow rate in slug/second.

a toy rocket is fired fired at rest vertically upwards and accelerates at a constant rate. At the instant the engine cuts out, the rocket has risen to 52 m and acquired a velocity of 80 m/s. The rocket continues to rise in unpowered flight, reaches maximum height, and falls back to the ground with negligible air resistance. The speed of the rocket upon impact on the ground is closest to