Question

Could you make a diagram that shows how insulin js produced insulin's effect on [blood]. Include Glut4 please

Answer 1

Insulin production:

The increased levels of blood glucose concentration further activates the Beta Islets of pancreatic langerhans cells to synthesize and release active insulin into the blood stream to act on the blood glucose levels and to further maintain glucose homeostasis.

Preproinsulin (110 amino acids): the inactive preproinsulin will be converted to proinsulin with 51 amino acids of 5.8 kDa molecular weight. Later the proinsulin will be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum for maturation by the golgi vesicles in which it is cleaved to produce active insulin and C-peptide. Finally these two products gets stored in the secretary granules along with islet amyloid polypeptide or amylin. This active insulin will be released into the blood stream by cellular vesicular trafficking. A high affinity calcium sensor in pancreatic beta cells reported that is synaptotagmin.

Glucose metabolism:

Normally glucose enters into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via GLUT 4 (muscle or adipose cells) or via GLUT-2 (brain, kidney, pancreatic beta cells) and will be converted to glucose -6-phosphate (by enzyme glucokinase) later by oxidation process it produces ATP that acts on Kir6. 2 channel subunits of the pancreatic beta-cell. The stimulation of pancreatic Kir6 2 channel subunits results in activation of calcium channels (by depolarization) and further stimulate the vesicular release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells into the blood stream which acts on glucose.

Two enzymes MAP-kinase and phophoionositidine-3-kinase are responsible for insulin activity on metabolic process. The glucose which isolated by PIK-3 will be sent to the mitochondria where it undergo oxidative phosporylation to produce ATP. PIK-3 also enables insulin action for further lipid metabolism and glycogen synthesis by glycolysis. In the given image represents increased levels of glucose action on inlusin production.