Write the chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system. What are the major symptoms of (a)...

Write the chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system.
What are the major symptoms of (a) hypernatremia and (b) hyponatremia
Draw the calcium cycle that includes calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Expert Solution

1. Chemical Equation for bocarbonate buffer system:

Carbon Dioxide along with water in presence of carbonic anhydrase form Carbonic acid which breakdown into H+ And Bicarbonate ion.

2. Hypernatremia major symptom are :

Excessive thirst.
Concentrated urine,
headache.
nausea and vomiting.
lethargy.

Hyponatremia Major symptoms are :

Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Loss of energy
Drowsiness and fatigue
Restlessness and irritability
Muscle cramps
Seizures

3.In calcium Cycle, both thyroid and parathyroid gland help in maintaining the Calcium homeostasis in body .

Thyroid gland follicular cells secrete calcitonin act on various sites:

on kidney ,it acts and increase calcium excretion
on bones it inhibt the activity of osteoclasts ,resulting in less calcium resorption from bone.
on small intestine it inhibit calcium absoption .

Parathyroid gland secrete PTH hormone which act on :

Kidney ,and stimulate production of active Vitamin D and decreasing the loss of calcium from filtrate by increasing its reabsorption.
Active Vitamin D from Kidney act on intestinal cells and promote the calcium absorption from intestine
Bone,and increase calcium reabsorption by bones.

Sydney Mullin answered 1 year ago

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