Question

A 45-year-old construction worker complained of excruciating intermittent pain in the kidney area, radiating across the abdomen and into the genital area. He also had chills, fever, and nausea. He noticed increased frequency of urination and moderate hematuria. A 24-hour urinalysis findings indicated crystalline substances in the sediment identified as calcium in nature and a urinary calcium level of 300 mg/day. X-ray findings indicated localized stones in the renal pelvis. The patient was encouraged to increase his water intake and slightly decrease his dietary calcium.

A. What is hematuria?

B. How do stones, or calculi, form?

C. Are stones formed from minerals or compounds other than calcium? If so, give examples.

D. List some ways kidney stones are removed.

Answer 1

A. What is hematuria?

Answer:

The presence of blood in a person’s urine is termed as hematuria which are 2 types.

• gross hematuria—where a person can see the blood in his or her urine
• microscopic hematuria—A person cannot see the blood in his or her urine, yet it is seen under a microscope.

B. How do stones, or calculi, form?

Answer:

The decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone are formed because of  components such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate intake in the body and Calculi is formed due to low urinary citrate levels or excessive urinary acidity.

C. Are stones formed from minerals or compounds other than calcium? If so, give examples.

Answer:

The stones can be formed due to many other reasons such as nucleation and urinePH.In nucleation free ions in solution associate into microscopic particles then crystallization can occur in solution such as micro-environments, may be present in certain points in the nephrons, as well as on surfaces, such as those of cells and on extracellular matrix . There in renal tubules or on bladder walls, on normal or damaged cells, on areas denuded of cells by certain forms of injury, or at interstitial sites.

D. List some ways kidney stones are removed.

Answer:

There are four treatments can be used for kidney stones:

• Shock wave lithotripsy.
• Ureteroscopy.
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
• Open surgery.