Question

• Describe how Coulomb’s Law is used to assess the amount of attraction or repulsion between two particles
• Explain the relationship between potential energy and ionization energy and its connection to core charge and distance. Do this in your own words or via diagrams.
• Use the concepts of potential energy, ionization energy, core charge, and distance to describe the shell model of the atom and create a shell model representation of an atom.
• Explain the relationships between core charge, number of shells, number of valence electrons to ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii of the elements.

Answer 1

The fascination or shock acts along the line between the two charges. The span of the power shifts conversely as the square of the separation between the two charges.

By and large, the more prominent the nuclear size, the lesser the (primary) IE vitality.

At the point when the iota estimate is bigger, it implies it has more center electrons and is going down the period. On the off chance that it has more center electrons, there will be a higher protecting impact for the atomic charge making the compelling atomic charge be littler, henceforth enabling IE to have less vitality.

Be that as it may, over the gatherings, IE will increment as we go down the gatherings. This si as while they all have similar quantities of center electrons, they have a higher proton number and will result in a more prominent compelling atomic charge. This is commonly valid aside from gathering 13 and gathering 16 components. For gathering 13, there is a drop because of the difference in subshell to p orbital, while for gathering 16, because of the electronic game plan of the electrons, there are some electronic shock, consequently bringing about a lower IE.

Certain properties—strikingly nuclear sweep, ionization energies, and electron affinities - can be subjectively comprehended by the places of the components on the occasional table. Nuclear size is the separation from the core to the valence shell where the valence electrons are found. Nuclear span is a progressively clear and quantifiable method for characterizing nuclear size. It is the separation from the focal point of one iota to the focal point of another particle in a homonuclear diatomic atom. There are three considers that assistance the expectation of the patterns in the Periodic Table: number of protons in the core, number of shells, and protecting impact. The nuclear size increments from the best to the base in any gathering because of increments in the majority of the three elements. (As the quantity of vitality levels builds, the size must increment.) Going over a period (from left to right), the quantity of protons increments and in this way the atomic charge increments. (Going over a period, the quantity of electron vitality levels continues as before however the quantity of electrons increments inside these vitality levels. In this manner the electrons are pulled in nearer to the core.)

Ionization vitality is the vitality required to evacuate the most inexactly held electron from a vaporous particle or particle. Ionization vitality by and large increments over a period and diminishes down a gathering. The successful atomic charge is the charge of the core felt by the valence electron. Electron liking is the vitality required (or discharged) when an electron is added to a vaporous molecule or particle. Electron fondness by and large increments going up a gathering and expands left to directly over a period. Non-metals will in general have the most noteworthy electron affinities.

greater the particle lesser the ionization vitality since the peripheral electrons can be expelled or included effectively.

particles with expanding nuclear number are not predictable with expanding nuclear size.

henceforth the soluble base metals and incandescent light will in general turn out to be more ionic than molecules of higher nuclear number than they are.Electrons in the deepest shells with the most elevated estimations zeff are called center electrons, and they will in general be immaterial for compound reactivity. Electrons in the furthest shells, with low estimations of Zeff are called valence electrons, and these are the most vital in concoction responses. The significance of electrons in shells with middle of the road estimations of Zeff} in compound responses relies upon the synthetic procedure under thought. Their job is probably going to be critical yet circuitous in that they can influence the appropriations of valence electrons and impact their job in compound holding without, themselves, partaking in synthetic bonds.