An extracellular signal, such as Epinephrine, acting through a G-protein coupled receptor can have quite different...

An extracellular signal, such as Epinephrine, acting through a G-protein coupled receptor can have quite different effect depending on multiple factors. Indicate at least 3 factors that would be responsible of these various cellular responses from a single extracellular signal.

Expert Solution

This cell signalling pathway depends on following factors during transformation of signal from extracellular environment to intracellular.

they are

1.Signal reception by cell membrane receptor:

2. Second messengers:The level of second messengers, such as Ca2+, cAMP, and IP3 are modulated in response to binding of ligand to cell-surface receptors. These, in turn regulate the activities of enzymes and nonenzymatic proteins.

Also the same signaling molecule may produce different results depending on what molecules are already present in the cell

3. Protein phosphorylation: protein activity is altered by the addition of a phosphate group to one or more sites on the protein

phosphorylation will make a protein more active in some cases and in other cases, phosphorylation may inactivate the protein or brake down it.

4. Signal termination by protein phosphatase

gladiator answered 2 years ago

The G protein coupled receptor pathway involves the activation of many different proteins or synthesis of...

The G protein coupled receptor pathway involves the activation of many different proteins or synthesis of molecules. For the following pairs of proteins/molecules describe which of the pair is activated/synthesized by the other and how this occurs. a. protein kinase A and cAMP b. adenylyl cyclase and cAMP c. G protein coupled receptor and G protein d. protein kinase A and another protein kinase

QUESTION 1 Which of the following is an enzyme? a G protein a G protein-coupled receptor...

QUESTION 1 Which of the following is an enzyme? a G protein a G protein-coupled receptor ATP All of the above None of the above 1 points QUESTION 2 Which of the following is true for all enzymes? They alter the transition state. They decrease ΔG. They provide energy for endergonic reactions. They harness energy from ATP. 1 points QUESTION 3 The pathway of glycolysis can be found in: Anaerobic bacteria only Anaerobic species only All bacteria, but...

54. Which of these receptor classes can activate G proteins G protein coupled and ion channel...

54. Which of these receptor classes can activate G proteins G protein coupled and ion channel receptors Enzyme coupled receptors G protein coupled receptors and enzyme coupled receptors Ion channel coupled receptors G protein coupled receptors

There are seven events when G-protein coupled receptor is activated. What are those seven steps.

a) Using labelled diagrams briefly discuss the types of molecular mechanisms that occur during cell signalling through a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

a) Using labelled diagrams briefly discuss the types of molecular mechanisms that occur during cell signalling through a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)b) What mechanisms are involved when these pathways are terminated?

structure and function of G-protein coupled receptors: binding of neurotransmitter/ hormone to 7-transmembrane receptor, activation of...

structure and function of G-protein coupled receptors: binding of neurotransmitter/ hormone to 7-transmembrane receptor, activation of G protein (3 subunits- what happens with each subunit), role of GTP/GDP (AH domain)

Upon binding of epinephrine to β-adrenergic receptor, a conformational change is propagated from its extracellular face...

Upon binding of epinephrine to β-adrenergic receptor, a conformational change is propagated from its extracellular face to its intracellular face leading to release of the G⍺ subunit and subsequent binding of GTP and activation of downstream components of the pathway. What prevents G⍺ from indefinitely activating the fight-or-flight response? Cleavage of G⍺ subunits by Thrombin. ATIII. Intrinsic GTPase activity. GAPs GEFs Which components of GPCR signaling pathways are transmembrane proteins? GPCR G-protein Effector protein (ex: adenylyl cyclase) PKA

7 A) Which of the following steps amplify the epinephrine signal response in cells? 1. receptor...

7 A) Which of the following steps amplify the epinephrine signal response in cells? 1. receptor activation of G protein 2. G protein activation of adenylyl cyclase 3. cAMP activation of PKA 4. PKA phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK) 2, 3, and 4 1, 3, and 4 1 and 3 1 and 4 7 B) Which of the following statements regarding ion channel regulation by GPCRs is FALSE? Activation of GPCRs in rod cells leads to increased neurotransmitter release....

Explain the cell signaling pathway which involves membrane receptor (tyrosine kinase receptors and G protein-coupled receptors)....

Explain the cell signaling pathway which involves membrane receptor (tyrosine kinase receptors and G protein-coupled receptors). Use ONE (1) specific example to explain each reception pathway. The details of the summary should be concise and informative. The length of the summary for each type of membrane receptor should be less than 200 words.

Briefly describe two key differences that contrast signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein coupled...

Briefly describe two key differences that contrast signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Question