Question

Which of the following is not thought to be associated with edema in hepatic failure patients?

Question 69 options:

	1) decreased osmotic/oncotic pressure
	2) increased hydrostatic pressure
	3) lymphatic obstruction

In heart failure, dyspnea often develops when the person has been lying down for several hours. This is because assumption of the supine position causes what?

Question 66 options:

	1) mobilization and redistribution of edema fluid from the lungs to the renal and systemic vasculatures
	2) an increase in systemic atrial pressure
	3) mobilization and redistribution of edema fluid from the dependent areas of the body to the pulmonary vasculature and tissues
	4) decreased blood return to the right side of the heart

Cholesterol involved in atherosclerosis is taken up by which of the following pathways?

Question 61 options:

	1) scavenger
	2) oxidative
	3) noncellular
	4) receptor dependent

Answer 1

Which of the following is not thought to be associated with edema in hepatic failure patients?

None of them are correct. Edema is the condition of accumulation of  extracellular fluids usually caused by increased capillary filtration and a failure of adequate lymphatic drainage. Factors which contribute for increased capillary filtration rate are: increased capillary permeability, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreases osmotic/oncotic pressure. Obstruction to lymphoid flow and increased capillary filtration rate causes the fluid retention called edema in hepatic failure.

In heart failure, dyspnea often develops when the person has been lying down for several hours. This is because assumption of the supine position causes what?

Answer: (3) mobilization and redistribution of edema fluid from the dependent areas of the body to the pulmonary vasculature and tissues.

Hypoxemia induced pulmonaary edema is recommended for prone position in regard with better gas exchange. Supine position has small gravitational influenced effect on fluid distribution. In supine position, fluid accumulate in the thorax and neck region and it is referred as rostral fluid shift.

Cholesterol involved in atherosclerosis is taken up by which of the following pathways?

Answer(1) Scavenger.

Atherosclerosis is the condition in arterial wall which is deposited with serum lipoproteins called as plaques. Macrophages in that area uptake the LDL and express specialized scavenger receptors which promote  cellular accumulation of cholesterol. It is supported by presence of cholesterol-laden macrophage foam cells in the streak of cholesterol lesion.