Question

Compare and contrast the way a liver cell responds to the ingestion of a common antibiotic and the ingestion of the dioxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and explain why the dioxin is so toxic. in writing no diagrams

Answer 1

Liver disease are mainly due to change in gut bacterial composition since these changes affect immune cell function in the liver. The liver is exposed to the gut microbiome through the portal vein, and they important regulators of antitumor immunity. There are 4 different types of enzymes present in liver cells. These enzymes in the liver cells perform various important functions. If liver cells become damaged, normally the enzymes flow into the bloodstream. When antibiotics are ingested in the liver, they mix with glucoronic acid and may lose their anti-microbial effects. Because of the combination of antibiotics and glucoronic acid accumulation in the bloodstream, it can cause bone marrow inhibition.

Dioxin (TCDD) is a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon and is commonly used for treatment on non-parenchymal cells in the liver. It dioxin is ingested, hepatic stellate cells ( HSCs) lost their Vit.A storage ability and function in the development and maintenance of inflammation and fibrosis. It was shown that exposure to 10 nM TCDD can completely stop lipid droplet storage in LX-2 cells. Besides, it can also increase LX-2 cell proliferation. The toxicity of TCDD is passed through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a soluble protein and it's activated form can translocate to the nucleus. In the nucleus it mixes with the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), then attach to dioxin response elements (DREs) in the genome. Non-parenchymal cells are resposible for liver homeostasis. Thus, damage of these non-parenchymal cell activity lead to the development of hepatotoxic effects of TCDD. Examples are steatosis, inflammation, portal fibrosis, bile-duct hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. Dioxin can dissolve and build up in fat. If ingested they will be stored in human fat beacuse of its chemical stability. Some toxic effects of dioxins are severe and even cause death, examples are-Cysts can be formed on the face (Chloracne), endocrine, reproductive systems and immunity can be badly affected, pulmonary complications and respiratory failure may happen.

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