Question

In: Statistics and Probability

A study examined parental influence on teenagers' decisions to smoke. A group of students who had...

A study examined parental influence on teenagers' decisions to smoke. A group of students who had never smoked were questioned about their parents' attitudes toward smoking. These students were questioned again two years later to see if they had started smoking. The researchers found that, among the

284

students who indicated that their parents disapproved of kids smoking,

had become established smokers. Among the

students who initially said their parents were lenient about smoking,

became smokers. Do these data provide strong evidence that parental attitude influences teenagers' decisions about smoking? Complete parts a through f.

a) What kind of design did the researchers use?

A retrospective observational study

An experiment

A prospective observational study

b) Write the appropriate hypotheses. Let

be the proportion of teenagers whose parents had indicated disapproval of smoking for them who became smokers themselves. Let

be the proportion of teenagers whose parents had expressed leniency toward smoking for them who became smokers themselves. Choose the correct answer below.

H0:

p1minus

p2not equals

HA:

p1minus

p2equals

H0:

p1minus

p2equals

HA:

p1minus

p2not equals

H0:

p1minus

p2equals

HA:

p1minus

p2greater than

H0:

p1minus

p2greater than

HA:

p1minus

p2equals

c) Are the assumptions and conditions necessary for inference satisfied?

Yes, all of the assumptions and conditions are satisfied.

No, because the randomization condition is not satisfied.

No, because the 10% condition is not satisfied.

No, because the success/failure condition is not satisfied.

No, because the independent groups assumption is not satisfied.

d) Test the hypothesis and state your conclusion.

Determine the test statistic.

zequals

nothing

(Round to two decimal places as needed.)

Find the P-value.

Pequals

nothing

(Round to four decimal places as needed.)

State your conclusion. Use a significance level of

alpha

equals0.05

Choose the correct answer below.

Reject

the null hypothesis. There

sufficient evidence that parental attitude influences teenagers' decisions about smoking.

Do not reject

the null hypothesis. There

is not

sufficient evidence that parental attitude influences teenagers' decisions about smoking.

Do not reject

the null hypothesis. There

sufficient evidence that parental attitude influences teenagers' decisions about smoking.

Reject

the null hypothesis. There

is not

sufficient evidence that parental attitude influences teenagers' decisions about smoking.

e) Explain in this context what your P-value means. Choose the correct answer below.

If there is no difference in the proportions, there is about a (100P)% chance of seeing the observed difference or larger by natural sampling variation.

There is about a (100P)% chance that there is a difference in the proportions.

There is about a (100P)% chance that there is no difference in the proportions.

If the observed difference is the true difference, then there is about a (100P)% chance that there is no difference in the proportions.

f) If that conclusion is actually wrong, which type of error did you commit?

Type

Upper I

error

Type

error

Solutions

Expert Solution

orchestra answered 1 year ago

Next > < Previous

Related Solutions

A study examined parental influence on the decisions of teenagers from a certain large region to smoke.

A study examined parental influence on the decisions of teenagers from a certain large region to smoke. A randomly selected group of students, from the region, who had never smoked were questioned about their parents' attitudes toward smoking. These students were questioned again two years later to see if they had started smoking. The researchers found that, among the 256 students who indicated that their parents disapproved of kids smoking, 72 had become established smokers. Among the 30 students...

A study examined parental influence on the decisions of teenagers from a certain large region to...

A study examined parental influence on the decisions of teenagers from a certain large region to smoke. A randomly selected group of students, from the region, who had never smoked were questioned about their parents' attitudes toward smoking. These students were questioned again two years later to see if they had started smoking. The researchers found that, among the 263 students who indicated that their parents disapproved of kids smoking, 53 had become established smokers. Among the 43 students who...

A recent study examined hearing loss data for 1666 U.S. teenagers. In this sample, 307 were...

A recent study examined hearing loss data for 1666 U.S. teenagers. In this sample, 307 were found to have some level of hearing loss. News of this study spread quickly, with many news articles blaming the prevalence of hearing loss on the higher use of ear buds by teens. At MSNBC.com (8/17/2010), Carla Johnson summarized the study with the headline: “1 in 5 U.S. teens has hearing loss, study says.” To investigate whether this is an appropriate or a misleading...

A recent study examined hearing loss data for 1,771 U.S. teenagers. In this sample, 333 were...

A recent study examined hearing loss data for 1,771 U.S. teenagers. In this sample, 333 were found to have some level of hearing loss. Your goal is to estimate the true long run proportion of all U.S teenagers who have some level of hearing loss. Suppose we are interested in whether or 1 in 5 teens have hearing loss or not. In symbols, state the correct hypotheses to test this claim. Based on your confidence interval above, would you reject...

4. In a fictional study, the influence of a television program on children's aggressiveness was examined....

4. In a fictional study, the influence of a television program on children's aggressiveness was examined. The number of aggressive responses was measured during an observation period after the children viewed the television program. Imagine that the known national average for number of aggressive responses typically performed by children who do not watch television is 6.647. a) Perform the six steps of hypothesis testing using the data in the table and a two-tailed t test at an α level .05....

1. We are interested in estimating the proportion of students at a university who smoke. Out...

1. We are interested in estimating the proportion of students at a university who smoke. Out of a random sample of 200 students from this university, 40 students smoke. (1) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of students at this university who smoke and interpret this interval in context. (2) If we wanted the margin of error to be no larger than 2% at a 95% confidence level for the proportion of students who smoke, how big of...

A recent study examined the effects of carbon monoxide exposure on a group of construction workers....

A recent study examined the effects of carbon monoxide exposure on a group of construction workers. The following table presents the numbers of workers who reported various symptoms, along with the shift (morning, evening, or night) that they worked. Morning Shift Evening Shift Night Shift Influenza 20 14 10 Headache 20 37 5 Weakness 8 18 8 Shortness of Breath 9 6 11 Send data to Excel Test the hypothesis of independence. Use the =α0.01 level of significance and the P-value method...

A recent study examined the effects of carbon monoxide exposure on a group of construction workers....

A recent study examined the effects of carbon monoxide exposure on a group of construction workers. The following table presents the numbers of workers who reported various symptoms, along with the shift (morning, evening, or night) that they worked. Morning Shift Evening Shift Night Shift Influenza 15 18 20 Headache 32 26 5 Weakness 16 11 6 Shortness of Breath 7 11 11 Send data to Excel Test the hypothesis of independence. Use the a=0.10 level of significance and the P-value method...

1. A university wants to estimate the proportion of its students who smoke regularly. Suppose that...

1. A university wants to estimate the proportion of its students who smoke regularly. Suppose that this university has N = 30, 000 students in total and a SRSWOR of size n will be taken from the population. a) If the university wants the proportion estimator ˆp to achieve the precision with tolerance level e = 0.03 and risk α = 0.1. Estimate the minimal sample size needed for this estimation. (z0.1 = 1.28, z0.05 = 1.65) b) Suppose that,...

An observational study of a group of students was conducted, and students were classified in two...

An observational study of a group of students was conducted, and students were classified in two ways. First, they were each classified as to whether or not they were FullTime or PartTime. Second, they were each classified as to which of two colleges they were in, COS (college of sciences) or CBA (college of business administration). From that data, the following partial joint probability table was constructed. FullTime PartTime COS 7/23 3/23 ? CBA 8/23 ? 13/23 15/23 8/23 1...

Subjects

Question

A study examined parental influence on​ teenagers' decisions to smoke. A group of students who had...

Solutions

Expert Solution

Related Solutions

A study examined parental influence on teenagers' decisions to smoke. A group of students who had...