Question

system involved

treatment

medication? surgery?

Answer 1

A medication is a substance that is taken into or placed on the body that does cure, treat, release symptoms or prevent diseases. Medications get into the body in a number of different ways. The way the medication enters the body is called the route.The most common "route" for medications is orally (by mouth) in the form of pills, capsules or liquids.  

However, if the person is unable to take medications in this way or if the medication is not available in oral form medications can enter the body by other routes. Some of the different routes are :

• Oral - when medications are taken by mouth, in pill, capsule or liquid form they are swallowed and pass into the digestive system. The medications are then broken down in either the stomach or the intestines and are absorbed in the same way as food.
• Nasal (into the nose), buccal (placed in the cheek) and sublingual (placed under the tongue) medications are absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the nose and mouth and enters the bloodstream in this way.
• Eye drops and ear drops are applied directly and are typically used to treat specific problems or symptoms within the eye or the ear.  
• Transdermal(throughtheskin)medications are applied to the skin either by patch or in creams or lotions and pass through the skin into the blood vessel.
• Topical medications can be applied directly to the skin and tend to have a very localized effect. They do not usually enter the bloodstream in significant amounts.
• Subcutaneous medications are injected into the fatty tissue just below the skin and travel from the fatty tissue into the bloodstream.  
• Enteral medications those given through a G tube or a J tube go directly into the stomach or intestine and pass into the digestive system and then through the liver and into the bloodstream.  
• Rectal medications such as suppositories enemas and creams are inserted into the rectum oand absorbed by the blood vessels in the rectal or vaginal wall.
• Inhaled medications have a direct effect on the lungs.

Medication Effects

Local Effect: Some medications, such as eye drops or topical skin creams or ointments, are applied directly to the area that needs treatment.  

These applications tend to have a very localized effect and do not usually enter the bloodstream in significant quantities.  

For example: antibiotic ointment is applied to a scrape on the skin. The ointment stays on the surface of the skin, where the medication effect is needed.  

Systemic Effect: Some medications, such as pills or liquids given orally, rectal suppositories, Transdermal patches and subcutaneous injections end up in the bloodstream and act on a specific organ or system within the body.   

For example: anti-depressant medications taken orally are circulated through the bloodstream and work by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the brain.

A medication may have several types of effects on human body:

- Desired Effect

- Side Effect

- Tolerance and Dependence

- Interactions

- No Apparent Effect

- Paradoxical Effect

The Medication Cycle

Two categories of medication are there Prescription & Non prescription.

Manyy medications have at least two names: a generic name and a manufacturer’s brand name. In general the brand name is the more common/most familiar name for the medication. In general, the brand name is also the more expensive medication. There may be many different generic brands of the same medication.

Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.Some common outpatient surgeries include:

• Arthroscopy.
• Breast Biopsy.
• Burn Excision/Debridement.
• Cataract Surgery.
• Caesarean Section.
• Circumcision.
• Dental Restoration.
• Gastric Bypass.

Surgery is as old as humanity, for anyone who has ever stanched a wound has acted as a surgeon. In some ancient civilizations surgery reached a rather high level of development, as in India, China, Egypt and Hellenistic Greece. In Europe during the Middle Ages, the practice of surgery was not taught in most universities and ignorant barbers instead wielded the knife, either on their own responsibility or upon being called into case physician.

There are four major categories of surgery: (1) wound treatment, (2) extirpative surgery, (3) reconstructive surgery, and (4) transplantation surgery. The technical aspects of wound surgery, already partly discussed, centre on procuring good healing and the avoidance of infection. Extirpative surgery involves the removal of diseased tissue or organs. Cancer surgery usually falls into this category, with mastectomy (removal of the breast), cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), and hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) among the most frequent procedures.