In: Biology
1. Determining Inheritance using Punnett
Squares
A Punnett is a means to determine the genetic inheritance...
1. Determining Inheritance using Punnett
Squares
A Punnett is a means to determine the genetic inheritance of
offspring if the genotypes of both parents are known. Using Punnett
squares answer the questions about the following scenarios. In
order to properly answer some of the questions more than 1 Punnett
square might be needed. With every Punnett square provide a key for
your alleles.
- Neurofibromatosis (NF), sometimes called von Recklinghausen
disease, is one of the most common genetic disorders. It affects
roughly 1 in 3,000 people. It is seen equally in every racial and
ethnic group throughout the world. At birth or later, the affected
individual may have six or more large tan spots on the skin. Such
spots may increase in size and number and become darker. Small
benign tumors called neurofibromas may occur under the skin or in
the muscles. They are made up of nerve cells and other cell types.
NF is a dominant disorder. Jane has NF and wants
to figure out what the chances are that her children will inherit
the disorder if her husband, John, does not have NF.
- The condition of sickle cell anemia is
recessive and only the homozygous recessive
individuals are adversely affected. Interestingly, heterozygous
individuals have increased resistance to Malaria which is caused by
a Plasmodium parasite that infects red blood cells. A
heterozygous individual has red blood cells that are minimally
affected but are altered enough so that Plasmodium cannot
infect the cells. This is one reason why this allele persists in
the population – in the heterozygous state it gives the individual
an advantage for survival in some environments.
Veronica, who has the sickle cell
condition, and Mason who does not have the condition have a child.
They are worried about the having a child with sickle cell anemia
and malaria because they are moving to a part of Africa where the
Plasmodium is common. Who in this family should be worried
about sickle cell anemia and contracting malaria?
- All newborn babies are tested to see if they have a defective
enzyme which cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. If
phenylalanine accumulates in the blood then high levels can cause
mental retardation. The condition is called phenylketonuria or PKU.
PKU is a recessive allele and only homozygous recessive individuals
are affected. A family living in a country where PKU testing is not
done wanted to know if they should have their baby in the US. The
pregnant mother has a parent who has the PKU condition and the
father also has one parent with the condition. Neither the pregnant
mother nor the father has the condition. Draw a punnett square
demonstrating the likelihood that this new baby will inherit PKU
and discuss why or why not the parents should have the baby in the
US. (K = dominant, non-disease allele; k = recessive, disease
allele)
- Huntington’s disorder is caused by a dominant allele.
Heterozygous individuals with one copy of this allele suffer from
progressive degeneration of the nervous system and premature death.
The phenotype or symptoms do not appear until the affected
individual reaches ~40 years of age. This is after child-bearing
age, so people have children before they know they are carrying the
affected gene allele.
Jermaine is very worried about passing
the dominant Huntington’s gene allele to his children. If
Jermaine’s father has the Huntington’s Disorder, his mother does
not, and his wife has no history of Huntington’s, does Jermaine
need to be tested for Huntington’s before he has children? Note:
homozygous dominant is lethal and a fetus will not survive. Draw a
punnett square representing the Jermaine’s father and mother, to
determine his chances of carrying the Huntington’s disease allele.
(H = dominant, disease allele; h = recessive, non-disease
allele)
What is the probability that Jermaine
has the Huntington’s disease allele? Should he be tested?
If Jermaine is positive for the
Huntington’s allele, what are the chances he will pass it on to his
children? Do a second punnett square to illustrate this cross.