Question

READ DOCUMENT AND ASNWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1.Explain what is meant by government policy. What change in government policy occurred in Korea in the 1960 – 1980 time period? What impact had the change in policy on the savings rate?

2. Looking back over corporate, private (personal) and public savings rate, describe the trend in South Korea. What is the driver of savings for the Koreans? Consider the corporate, private (personal) and public savings rate.

A number of East-Asian nations have experienced significant economic growth, and the rapid nature of this growth rate has allowed them to be classified as Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs). South Korea is a prime example, and major NIC, since the 1960s

BACKGROUND Since World War II, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth of per annum GDP growth of well over 9% and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. An extremely competitive education system and a highly skilled and motivated workforce are two key factors driving this knowledge economy. In recent years, Korea's economy moved away from the centrally planned, government-directed investment model toward a more marketoriented one. Economists are concerned that South Korea's economic growth potential has fallen because of a rapidly aging population and structural problems that are becoming increasingly apparent.

1950s After World War II, South Korean policymakers set upon stimulating economic growth by promoting indigenous industrial firms, following the example of many other post-World War II developing countries. The government selected firms in targeted industries and gave them privileges to buy foreign currencies and to borrow funds from banks at preferential rates. It also erected tariff barriers and imposed a prohibition on manufacturing imports, hoping that the protection would give domestic firms a chance to improve productivity through learning-by-doing and importing advanced technologies. However, unproductive profit-seeking activities such as bribing were common which caused efficiency to decrease and living standards to stagnate, providing a background to the collapse of the First Republic in April 1960. With living standards

1960s In the early 1960s, as a result of rapid industrialization the government adopted of an outward-looking strategy. This strategy was particularly well suited to that time because of South Korea's poor natural resource endowment, low savings rate, and tiny domestic market. In the 1960s, the Koreans saved about 10 percent of their gross national product. In 1965, the national saving ratio was 13.2%. The reason Koreans saved "so little" during a period of rapid capital accumulation between 1962 and 1976 may have been a consequence of government policy.

1970s - 1980s The increase in the national savings ratio was not always smooth. The ratio reached a 28 percent level as early as 1977 but then slipped to 22 percent during 1980-82 with the slowdown of economic growth, before rising sharply again. By 1986, Korea was experiencing real growth of 12.9% and had achieved a saving ratio of 33.1%. South Korea’s sustained growth boom resulted in a national saving rate that was among the highest in the world. The growth was attributable to increased use of productive inputs, physical capital in particular, than to productivity advances. The rapid capital accumulation was driven by an increasingly high savings rate due to a falling dependency ratio, a lagged outcome of rapidly falling mortality during the colonial period.
Saving rates sharply declined from 1989. The fall in Korea's saving rates for this period can be attributed to lowered income growth rates, rising inflation rates, and increased government budget deficits. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high public debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. The decline in gross savings rates fell from 36.6% in 1998 to 30.7% in 2008 due to a dramatic decrease in personal savings.

Personal savings collapsed from 18.5% of GDP in 1998, to about 5% between 2006 and 2008; the net personal savings rate was roughly 2.5% in 2008. Despite this trend in personal savings, gross savings have remained durable due to economic expansion and income growth. In the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, increased risk and uncertainty have increased precautionary savings by firms. The demographic transition of the Korean population may have influenced the savings rate. The life-cycle hypothesis posits that individuals save during their working years and spend their savings after retirement. Korea's population is rapidly ageing, rising the old-age dependency
ratio - the number of dissavers is rising relative to the number of savers, thus reducing aggregate savings. The rising old-age dependency ratio has had a large impact on savings rates.

Answer 1

Answer 1;

The changes in the government spending, taxes, nature of the economy and other variables having an impact on overall economic growth in the economy is referred to as government policy. During the 1960-1980 time period, there were many changes that occurred in the economy. As a result of rapid industrialization in the economy during 1960s, the economy adopted outward looking strategy and opened its economy to trade from outside world. This helped in increasing overall income level of the South Koreans and thus led to increase in the savings rate in the economy.

Answer 2:

The data in the above article shows that the driver of the savings in South Korea is mainly the income status of people and percentage of dependent population in the country. As the income of the people increases, the savings of the people also increases and as the percentage of the dependent population rises, savings rate decline.