Question

Compare and contrast genomics to proteomics. How are these technologies changing the way we study disease?

Answer 1

Answer)

S.N.	Character	Genomics	Proteomics
1.	Definition	Genomics is the study of genomes which refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.	Proteomics is the branch of molecular biology that studies the set of proteins expressed by the genome of an organism.
2.	Study of	Genomics is the study of the genes in an organism.	Proteomics is the study of the all the proteins in a cell.
3.	Unit under Study	The study of the function of genomes	The study of the function of proteomes
4.	Nature of Study Material	The genome is constant. Every cell of an organism has the same set of genes.	The proteome is dynamic and varies. The set of proteins produced in different tissues varies according to the gene expression.
5.	Use of High throughput techniques	High throughput techniques are used in the genomics to map, sequence, and analyze genomes.	In proteomics, characterization of the 3D structure and the function of proteins is carried out by the use of high throughput methods.
6.	Techniques involved	The techniques involved in genomics include gene sequencing strategies such as directed gene sequencing, whole-genome shotgun sequencing, construction of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and the analysis and interpretation of sequenced data using different software and databases.	Techniques involved in proteomics include extraction and electrophoretic separation of proteins, digestion of proteins with the use of trypsin into small fragments, determination of the amino acid sequence by mass spectrometry, and identification of proteins using the information in the protein databases. Moreover, the 3D structure of the protein can be predicted using software-based methods. The expression of proteins can be studied by protein microarrays. Protein-network maps can be developed to determine protein-protein interactions.
7.	Types	The two types of genomics are structural genomics and functional genomics.	The three types of proteomics are structural, functional, and expression proteomics.

By using industrialized high-throughput approaches, genomics and proteomics are dramatically accelerating the pace of biological research. They have started a scientific revolution whose impact will range from elucidating the structure of our chromosomes to providing powerful new tools for the study of disease; and from understanding human evolutionary history to novel applications in the medicine of the future.  

Proteomics has identified proteins that offer promise as diagnostic or prognostic markers, or as therapeutic targets in a range of illnesses, including cancer, immune rejection after transplantation, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria; it has the potential to allow patient-tailored therapy.

The results of genomics and proteomics increasingly promise the potential for future widespread adoption in medicine and biology. Simultaneous measurement of many mRNA levels now can reveal patterns of gene expression for an organism or a tissue under various conditions that can then be compared, pointing to genes characteristic of certain states or reactions. For example, distinct subtypes of large-cell lymphomas, with quite different responses to chemotherapy, can be distinguished from one another by measuring mRNA expression patterns, thereby providing a means of directing therapy.