Question

Discuss how the middle ages provided a solid foundation for modern liberty?

topics

1)Rule of law

2)Education

3)Development of commerce

Answer 1

THE MIDDLE AGES PROVIDED A SOLID FOUNDATION FOR MODERN LIBERTY:

1)Rule of law

2)Education

3)Development of commerce

1.RULE OF LAW: liberty presupposes a living, purposive, choosing human being. An inani­mate object may be described as being in a "free state" and yet it would be singular to characterize it as possessing liberty in the sense that a man is free.

• In such a society, the "inferior" persons would have only the freedom of action permitted by their more powerful neighbors; the "superior" beings might virtually enslave their less fortunate fellows, but they, too, would be unfree to the extent that they were forced to devote their time to coercive, as opposed to creative, endeavors.
• To the extent that the predator must dissipate his creative powers in use of force upon others, he, too, is restrained, although his re-restraint is self-imposed and by his own choice
• The external restraint implicit in liberty is a recognition of free­dom of action as an equal right of all purposive beings in society.
• On the first blush, it may appear singular for a law review to con­sider the general quantity and quality of the law.
• Contemporary Western society places high value upon two ideals: individual liberty’ and the rule of law. Cursory examination of these concepts seemingly reveals the clear instance of inevitably war­ring propositions.
• The choice between remaining in prison or being shot while attempt­ing to escape presents little real choice at all, but it remains a choice

2.EDUCATION:

• None of those attempts succeeded. Probably the chance was only real in the earliest period,
• But at that time there was never enough breathing space for society to regain its stability and strength.
• after every time of troubles, a new dynastyreceived “the mandate of heaven,” and a new emperor, or “son of heaven,” rebuilt order.
• a long period of disruption followed, but at the beginning of the 7th century the Tang dynasty took charge and began 300 years of rule.
• the greatest of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperors, reconquered large portions of the West in the 6th century, though the destruction wreaked by his soldiers made things worse rather than better.
• institutions had emerged to fill the gap. The Christian church, against enormous odds, had kept the light of religion and learning alive.

3.DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCE: Produce only those goods in which they were specialised or which appeared to be advantageous to them and this created the position for exchange of goods.

• Primitive Stage:The man tilled the soil and produced what was necessarily required to keep him alive and to live in society.The whole of the family was involved in fields and the ladies made clothes to wear. They built their own houses and there was no division of labour.

• Barter Stage:the people built their own houses, they concentrated at one place and in this way, villages and where concentration was more towns sprang up. As men gained experience they started producing more than they needed for consumption and they wanted to dispose of the excess goo
• Start of Trading:a barter system is that you have to find a man who has the goods you need and is prepared to accept the goods you possess. This was a difficult job and as such the exchange of goods was few and far between.
• Town Economy Stage:This stage came to be known as town economy stage. At this stage, with the introduction of money economy in exchange of goods, men began to manufacture and produce for local markets.
• International Trade:Goods were not only produced for domestic use but also for selling to foreign countries. Materials were also procured from all the corners of universe.

THE END