Question

2.  Which vaccine is a toxoid?

		a. Influenza (Flu) vaccine.
		DTap (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis).
		Conjugate vaccine (Pneumococcal).
		BCG vaccine.

3.What contributes to the diversity in the Influenza virus?

		a.Antigenic drift.
		b.Antigenic shift.
		c.Segmented RNA.
		d.All of the above.

4. Mutations that occur in the Influenza virus contribute to:

		a. Antigenic drift.
		Antigenic shift.
	c.	Segmented RNA.
		d.All of the above.

5. Exchange of genes between Influenza viruses contribute to:

		a. Antigenic drift.
		b.Antigenic shift.
		c.Segmented RNA.
		d.All of the above.

6. Which is a thymus independent antigen?

		a.HA from the Influenza virus.
		b.Capsule from Pneumococcus.
		c.A-B toxin.
		d.All of the above.

7. Which is a mechanism of how tumor evade the immune system:

		a.Secretion of TGF-B.
		b.Recruitment of Treg.
		c.Lack of MHC expression.
		d.Lack of tumor antigens.
		e.All of the above.

8. Binding of PD-L1 from the tumor cell to the PD1 receptor on T cell results in:

		a.The activation of the T cell.
		b.The suppression of the T cell.
		c.Production of antibodies.
		d.The killing of the tumor cell.

9. CarT cells are being used as:

		a.Vaccines.
		b.Therapies against tumor.
		c.Inhibition of PD-1.
		d.Production of antibodies.

10. To produce CarT cells, the original T cells were isolated from other donors.

a.True

b.False

Answer 1

2. The toxoid vaccine is vaccine prepared from toxin that can elicit immune response and yet is harmless. The toxoid vaccine is prepeared using toxins produced by certain bacteria C. tetani causing tetanus and Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing diphtheria. A conjugate vaccine is composed of weak and strong antigen combination to produce strong immune response against weak antigen. The pneumococcal vaccine is a conjugate vaccine. The BCG (Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin) is the vccine against tuberculosis. Influenza vaccine or flu shot is the vaccine protecting against flu and its administered for every two to protect from constant changing influenza virus. The option Dtap ( Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) is correct.

3.

The influenza virus contains segmented RNA as genetic material. The less ability of RNA polymerase of proof reading during replication of genetic material allows the RNA susceptibility to mutations frequently. This would result in frequent antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Therefore, the option d is correct.

4. The segmented RNA is the genetic material of influenza virus. The RNA polymerase is less efficient in proof reading and results in mutation. The mutations contribute to antigenic drift or changes in genes correspond to frequent chnages in the surface proteins, the HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase). Therefore, the option a is correct.

5. The segmented RNA is the genetic material of influenza virus. The RNA polymerase is less efficient in proof reading and results in mutation. This may lead to exchange of genes between RNA segments and result in mutated strains. The mutations resulted due to exchange of genes between RNA segments correspond to change in position of antigens or antigenic shift. Therefore, the option b is correct.