Question

Define several forms of metadata that can be useful to an investigation. How are valuable to an investigator? Post between 200 and 300 words.

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Answer 1

The several forms of metadata useful to an investigation:
* Photographs: The metadata pertaining to a photograph or a digital photo file will indicate who owns it, the person's contact, and the photograph's copyright information. Additionally, the metadata will provide information on the model number and the brand of camera used to create the file; information about exposure such as f-stop, shutter speed, etc.; and information that is descriptive about the photograph, such as keywords about the photo to define, identify, and describe it, and making the image, photo, or file searchable on the public Internet and/or a computer at home or in a private network such as a corporate network.

* Telecommunications: This form of metadata include instant and electronic messages, details on the times, origins (source) and destinations of phone calls made, and other telecommunication modes.

* Video: Video metadata has two sources- operational collected metadata, which means, information regarding content produced, like the equipment type that was used, date, location, software; and the second source is metadata that is human-authored, used for improving search engine visibility, engagement of the audience, and discoverability.

* Geospatial metadata: This form of metadata include Geographic Information Systems (GIS) images, maps, files, and other location-based data. This particular form of metadata indicates the person who developed the data, the date and time it was collected, the way how it was processed, its available formats, and the context for the data.s

On the other hand, the types of metadata are descriptive, structural, administrative, reference, and statistical metadata.

Metadata is a very valuable piece of information to an investigator, specifically to a Computer or Digital Forensics Investigative Expert in federal, state, and defense or military courts. Metadata is the data that is in turn beyond the actual data. Metadata are used so the search process can be improved in forensic investigations. As an example, Global Positioning System (GPS) location metadata information is used for searching a database of photos in a suspect's, attacker's, hacker's, or a bad actor's computer system to efficiently search for and find the evidence. Metadata is extremely useful. It answers basic questions of a computer or digital forensic investigation. These questions are who did something to a file, when it was done by the person, and where it was done. Metadata is used to make inferences for forensic investigators to use them. Certain metadata are used by forensic investigators providing them the ability to associate a device or a computer to its owner.

An example, different metadata from photos or images provide information that is useful to forensic investigators.