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In: Biology

Mismatch Repair: When does it act? ["S phase", "Any time in the cell cycle"]      ...

Mismatch Repair:

When does it act? ["S phase", "Any time in the cell cycle"]      
What is fixed? ["Substitutions", "strand breaks", "thymine dimers"]      
What is removed? ["One bond", "One nitrogenous base", "One nucleotide", "Many nucleotides"]      
Found in Bacteria? ["Yes", "No"]   
Found in humans?

Base Excision Repair:

When does it act? ["S phase", "Any time in the cell cycle"]      
What is fixed? ["Substitutions", "strand breaks", "thymine dimers"]      
What is removed? ["One bond", "One nitrogenous base", "One nucleotide", "Many nucleotides"]      
Found in Bacteria? ["Yes", "No"]   
Found in humans?

Nucleotide Excision Repair

When does it act? ["S phase", "Any time in the cell cycle"]      
What is fixed? ["Substitutions", "strand breaks", "thymine dimers"]      
What is removed? ["One bond", "One nitrogenous base", "One nucleotide", "Many nucleotides"]      
Found in Bacteria? ["Yes", "No"]   
Found in humans?

Direct Repair

When does it act? ["S phase", "Any time in the cell cycle"]      
What is fixed? ["Substitutions", "strand breaks", "thymine dimers"]      
What is removed? ["One bond", "One nitrogenous base", "One nucleotide", "Many nucleotides"]      
Found in Bacteria? ["Yes", "No"]   
Found in humans?

Solutions

Expert Solution

Mismatch Repair :

  1. S phase. When replication occurs in the S phase and bases are added one by one,   proofreading is done by mismatch repair.
  2. Substituions. Insertion, deletion or substitution of bases during replication is fixed by mismatch repair.
  3. One nitrogen base that is the mismatch is removed.
  4. It is found in bacteria.
  5. It is found in human. It is found in almost all organisms from bacteria to human.

Base Excision repair

  1. Anytime in the cell cycle. Base excision repair mechanism occurs throughout the cell cycle.
  2. Strand breaks. Base excision repair mechanism repairs bases that could lead to mutation or cause strand break.
  3. One nucleotide. In this mechanism firstthe damaged base is removed then the rest of the nucleotide is also removed by the enzymes.
  4. Found in bacteria.
  5. Found in humans. This mechanism is conserved from bacteria to humans.

Nucleotide Excision repair

  1. Any time in the cell cycle.
  2. Thymine dimers. It mainly fixes UV induced damages such as thymine dimers.
  3. Many nucleotides removed.
  4. Found in bacteria
  5. Found in humans. It is more complex in humans than bacteria.

Direct Repair

  1. It can occur any time in the cell cycle.
  2. Substituions are fixed. Sometimes the nucleotides are changed due to external factors such as alkylating agents and these type of errors are fixed.
  3. One bond is removed. Enzymes identify the modifying agents and remove it.
  4. Found in bacteria.
  5. Found in humans.

gladiator answered 2 years ago
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