Question

Many governments in the world signed and ratified the Kyoto Accord’s limitations on emissions of greenhouse gases toretard the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere—a collective good (e.g., less ozone depletion). The United States [under the second Bush’s administration] has refused to accept and ratify the accord. President Trump said he would not recognize the United States’ obligation with the Paris agreement, the first international treaty to mitigate global warming.

Q. 2a) Why does this refusal by the hegemonic power and by far the leading producer of greenhouse gas emissions (Let’s assume that this is the United States) hurt other countries? [Hint: Think about the relationship between “the creation of negative externalities” and “involuntary consumption”]

Q. 2b) How will other governments react if we assume a Tit-for-Tat strategy is necessary to induce international cooperation?

Q. 2c) How would you advise the members of an international environmental organization to obtain U.S. cooperation through its appeal to U.S. constituents? [Hint: Policy decision-makers are fully aware of how they can achieve a better outcome through reciprocal cooperation, but their policy choices are constrained by their domestic constituency interests, often leading to their decisions to be suboptimal]

Answer 1

Answer 2 A

This refusal by the hegemonic power As noted in Trumps June 1, 2017 remarks where he made decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement because Trump consider Peris agreement to be the unfair economic burden imposed on American workers, businesses, and taxpayers if U.S. pledges made under the Agreement .

The U S is second most Emission contributed country with carbon emission 4.8 GT as per 2017 data after china and then europian union on the third rank .These leading green house gas emission countrie are hurting other countries as the cost of their activities is being paid by them in the form of global warming , temperature rise , Disease increase and pollution increase on earth by changing climate by these GHG emission countries .Underdeveloped countries are paying cost at the benifift of such leading GHG emission country hurts them a lot .

Q. 2 (B)

The other Leading Green house gas emission country will also be forced to exit the agreement as tit for tat strategy . U.S is second largest emitter which will cut efforts of objective iof peris agreement to put rising temperature by 2060 within 2 % . Underdeveloped country as are paying cost for the benifit of developed country will continue to remain in agreement .

Q. 2 (c)

International Environment organisation to obtain U.S Cooperation and appeal for it to U.S constituent must assure it that it will have no economic burden of entering into the agreement by entering the world soon into the renewable energy resources the burden will get decreased as the policy maker of U.S know how can they achieve better outcome through reciprocal cooperation but their choice limited by the interest of country in aspect of economy and that leads decisions by them suboptimal .

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