Question

⦁   Explain glycaemic index. Draw low- and high-glycaemic index response curves.

⦁   Explain gluconeogenesis. Emphasize the important reactions (bypass reactions) involved in gluconeogenesis.

⦁   When performing in several types of sports, our bodies require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver oxygen. Explain the biochemical consequences with respect to energy production.

⦁   Explain absorption of monosaccharides using illustrative diagrams.

Answer 1

Glycaemic index

It is a way of measurement to understand how quickly a food causes our blood sugar levels to rise. The measure ranks food on a scale of zero to 100. Foods with a high glycemic index, or GI, are quickly digested and absorbed, results in a rapid rise in blood sugar levels.

• The GI of a food is calculated according to the percentage of carbohydrates it contains
• The measurement system was introduced in 1981 by David J. Jenkins and co-workers .
• It is useful to identify the measuring relative rapidity in which carbohydrates are broken down by our body

Gluconeogenesis

It is a process of making glucose or sugar from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids/lipids or proteins. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in cells of the liver or kidney.

• In other words it is known as the production of new glucose
• The newly created glucose is released back into the blood stream to raise our blood glucose levels.
• Pyruvate carboxylase and converts pyruvate in to oxaloacetate in the mitochondrion.

the important reactions (bypass reactions) involved in gluconeogenesis.

1. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
2. Pyruvate kinase
3. Hexokinase/glucokinase catalyzed .