Question

Explain in detail how battery size, chemical properties, age, and temperature as well as any other factors that you may think of, cause internal resistance with in a battery

Answer 1

The internal resistance of a battery may be calculated from its open-circuit voltage V_NL, load voltage V_FL, and the load resistance R_L:

An electrical resistance associated with batteries, which causes ohmic heating just like the resistance of any other circuit element. However, it's generally made up of a lot of different components and not only depends on the type of battery, but can change non-linearly with state-of-charge, rate of discharge, age, or even between different manufacturers of the same type of cell. A few contributions are:

• A roughly fixed resistance, due to finite (ionic) conductivity of the electrolyte. You can think of the lost heat as being due to "friction" from the ions and molecules in the electrolyte rubbing against each other as they move.

• The kinetics (roughly speaking, activation energy) of the chemical reactions happening inside the battery.

• Poor diffusion of solid-state reaction products: in a NiMH or Li-ion battery, H+ and Li+, respectively, must diffuse through a solid material after reacting at its surface. Since charged particles are moving, this can be thought of as a diffusive "current" and it is possible to mathematically transform the diffusion coefficient into a resistivity.

• A buildup of solid products on the surface of electrodes: in lead-acid batteries, PbSO4 naturally builds up during discharge, and in Li-ion batteries, electrolyte degradation products build up over many charge/discharge cycles. This causes similar problems to the solid state diffusion mentioned above.

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