Question

How can I write an essay about Endoscopies with an bibliography? I can't seem to find an example. I need a step by step guide. Who can help me write it please and Thank you

Answer 1

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a procedure used to examine the internal part of the system like respiratory system, gastro intestinal urinary system.It is a non surgical procedure. A flexible scope,attached with light and camera, help to visualize and examine the organs directly.

Types of scope

• flexible endoscope - easy to insert and less painful to the client.used commonly to visualize upper and lower Gastro intestinal tract.
• Rigid endoscope- Patients feel discomfort when inserting to the GI tract. used fo  for cystoscopy, laparoscopy procedures.  

Principles

Fibro optic endoscope consist of bundle of glass fibers, which transmit and reflect light rays from the light source to the organ and reflect from the organ surface.Hence, the surgeons can visualize internal structure clearly and take tissues, fluids for biopsy. This endoscope consist of light source, camera, air water nozzle, opening of biopsy channel.

Types of endoscopy procedures

1. upper Gastrointestinal series

• esophagoscopy- visualization of esophagus
• gastroscopy- visualization of stomach
• esophago gastroscopy- visualization of esophagus and stomach

2. Lower GI series

• colonoscopy - endoscope is inserted into the rectum and advanced to the large intestine for direct examination.
• Laparoscopy- small opening is made over the abdominal wall , then the scope is inserted into the abdomen to visualize abdominal organ.
• proctoscopy- examination of rectum.

Endoscopy procedures done to examine respiratory tract

• nasopharingoscopy- to visualize nose and pharynx
• bronchoscopy- to visualize bronchus
• laryngoscopy -to examine larynx

Urinary system

• cystoscopy- procedure to visualize urinary bladder.

uses of endoscopies

investigation purposes- to take biopsy, gastric fluids

• diagnostic purposes- confirmation of cancer, inflammation of colon, bronchi, polyps

treatment purposes

• removing polyps fro GI tract, Bronchial lavage, bladder irrigation

Investigation purpose -

• to withdraw gastric fluid, bronchial secretions, biopsy

Other kind of endoscopes

capsule endoscopy- endoscope is like a small capsule. Camera memory system are attached.  When capsule endoscope is moved through the GI system , it captures the picture of internal structures.  It is useful to examine small intestine, and the patient is contraindicated to conventional endoscopy.

Preparation of patient for endoscopy

• informed consent
• basic blood examinations

For upper GI examination

• Nil per oral for at least 8 hrs

Lower GI examination-

• enema should be given to keep the colon free from fecal matter

For bronchoscopy

• NPO for at least 4 hrs, Anesthetize pharynx  

Conclusion

Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure done , to examine internal organs for diagnostic or treatment  purposes. Blood loss less.Is is a outpatient procedure , does not need hospitalization.