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In: Biology

What would be an example of an extended phenotype that has high heritability?

What would be an example of an extended phenotype that has high heritability?

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Expert Solution

Answer) The Extended Phenotype is a 1982 book by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which the author introduced a biological concept of the same name. The main idea is that phenotype should not be limited to biological processes such as protein biosynthesis or tissue growth but extended to include all effects that a gene has on its environment, inside or outside the body of the individual organism.
Dawkins suggests that there are three forms of the extended phenotype. The first is the capacity of animals to modify their environment using architectural constructions. Dawkins cited as examples caddis houses and beaver dams.
The second is manipulating other organisms. Dawkins points out that animal morphology and ultimately animal behavior, may be advantageous not to the animal itself, but, for instance, to a parasite which afflicts it – "parasite manipulation". This refers to the capacity, found in several groups of parasites, to modify the host behavior to increase their own fitness. One famous example of this second type of extended phenotype is the suicidal drowning of crickets infected by hairworm, a behavior that is essential to the parasite's reproductive cycle.
The third form of the extended phenotype is action at a distance of the parasite on its host. A common example is the manipulation of host behavior by cuckoo chicks, which elicit intensive feeding by the parasitized host birds. These behavioral modifications are not physically associated with the host but influence the expression of its behavioral phenotype.
An animal's behavior tends to maximize the survival of the genes "for" that behavior, whether or not those genes happen to be in the body of the particular animal performing it.


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