Question

Answer the following question typed please..

7. What factors affect lactation and the production of adequate breast milk?

8. Why are carbohydrates an important nutrient for infants?

9. Classifications of infant weights (low-birthweight, etc)

10.What type of formula is used for infants with lactose intolerance?

11. Discuss nutrients of importance during infancy and when introducing solid foods?

12. What are all the factors that may increase the risk of neural tube defects?

Answer 1

7 . Breast milk has an important role in development of child heath.it is a pure food for the child.

Breast areola sucking in children is an important stimulus for milk production. The number of feedings greatly influences the amount of milk. Breasts that are emptied frequently produce more milk than breasts that are not. Not only is it important for the baby to nurse often, but it should also drink as much breast milk as possible to positively influence the milk production.

The following can adversely affect the breast stimulation and thus milk production:

MATERNAL FACTORS

• Stress / Anxiety (may decrease production and milk ejection reflex);
• Separation of mother and child
• Hormonal imbalance
• New pregnancy;
• Insufficient breast tissue
• Surgery to the breast or nipple;
• Mother who does not wake up
• Breast injury/bad breastfeeding position

INFANT FACTORS

• Using commercial infant formula and a baby bottle;
• Baby refusing the breast (rapid flow, flat nipple, large nipple);
• Baby sleeping for long periods or that does not wake up (jaundice, prematurity, certain medication);
• Long periods between feedings (baby does not wake up at night);
• Weak sucking by baby
• Short tongue frenulum.

The consequence of insufficient milk production is that the baby will not gain weight normally. It is therefore important to refer to a physician or a nutritionist. A healthcare professional will be able to identify the cause of insufficient milk production, and thus to better advise breastfeeding women. Additional resources for breastfeeding support are also available.

Maintaining of milk production is regulated by child health and development.

8. Carbohydrates are broken down the body into simple sugars.These sugars are circulated in blood stream and used by body for energy.CHO considered as energy yeiding foods.

Brain also uses simple sugar called glucose.so as it is a primary source of energy.This is why children are need more carbohydrate to stay alert and active through out the day.

9.Birth weight is the first weight of newborn or infant obtained after birth.it is important for survival for the child.

Low birth weight

Birth weight of less than 2.5 kg with in 1 hour of birth regardless of gestational age.

Grading

2500 to 2000 GM . ..... Low birth weight

2000 to 1000 gm. Very low birth weight

Less than 1009gm extremely low birth weight

10.

Lactulose intolerance means it is a situation Lactose is a sugar present in all types of milk breast milk, cow’s milk, and most commercial infant formulas. In the first few months of life, some babies may not completely digest the lactose in their milk, and this can cause them to be gassy, and if they get gassy, they may become fussy. This should be temporary. Fortunately, true lactose intolerance is very rare in babies.but is should be required concentration.A detailed check up required to identify problems with lactulose intolerance.

The symptoms of lactose intolerance

• Gas
• Stomach rumblings
• Diarrhoea
• Crambling
• Bloating

As always, be sure to discuss with your health care professional before making changes to your baby’s diet.

Formula used for the babies

Mostly adviced to take lactulose free formula milk and breast feeding. Breast feeding is the very good method to avoid intolerance.

11. For children up to one year is special time , we have to concentrate some factors like nutrition.

• During the first year of life, breast milk or an iron-fortified formula provides all the nutrients an infant needs for healthy growth and development.so it's very precious.
• The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends introducing solid foods along with breast milk or formula, preferably at 6 months of age. Single-ingredient foods should be introduced one at a time at weekly intervals.
• Ultimately, an infant’s developmental readiness should determine when to feed solid foods.so while selecting food variety we have to concentrate more.
• Avoid offering your infant sweetened foods since they can promote tooth decay, excess calories, and weight gain.be careful about this.
• Never force-feed bottles or food as this may cause a baby to ignore what his or her body says, which can ultimately lead to poor eating habits later in life.

Baby food should includes

• Calcium....build strong bone and teeth.
• Fat... Creates energy and helps in brain growth.
• Folate...help cell division
• Iron
• Protein and carbohydrates
• Zinc

And other essentials.

12.

Neural tube disorders are considered as second most prevalent congenital disorders world wide.

Risk factors includes

• Mother taking certain anti-seizure medicines. ...
• obese mothers
• Mother with DM
• use opioids in the first 2 months of pregnancy.

• You have a high body temperature early in pregnancy.