Question

In: Chemistry

pMice that are completely lacking the Adenine nucleotide translocase gene (Ant-/-) are viable (which is surprising)...

pMice that are completely lacking the Adenine nucleotide translocase gene (Ant-/-) are viable (which is surprising) and show the following physiological phenotypes:

nHighlevels of alanine, lactate and succinate (in serum).

nAsix-fold increase of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide as compared with normal control mice.

pGive reasonable biochemicalexplanations to each of these observations.

Solutions

Expert Solution

Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is an enzyme that catalyses the exchange of ADP / ATP across the mitochondrial membrane. This constitutes about 10% of mitochondrial protein.  Under respiring conditions, ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation is exported to the cytosol for use in cellular activities and ADP is imported into the mitochondrial matrix for continuous ATP synthesis. In ANT deficiency conditions, ADP/ATP exchange does not occur across mitochondrial membrane resulting in the impairment of cellular activities. The metabolites accumulate in the cell.

Here in mice, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to alanine by transamination. Also, pyruvate finds another path to be reduced to lactate. Since the metabolites in TCA cycle is not converted to final products, succinate is in higher level in serum. Lack of ADP in inner mitochondrial membrane for the synthesis of ATP leads to the inefficiency of the cell to carry out cellular activities.

It is conventionally thought that mitochondria contribute to ageing mainly through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and underproduction of ATP in aged cells. ANT enzyme has a major role in the apoptosis pathway. Since the ROS is not catabolized, it results in higher levels of H2O2 in mitochondrion.


Related Solutions

Gene A with 3000 hydrogen bonds and the number of nucleotide Adenine is equal to Guanine,...
Gene A with 3000 hydrogen bonds and the number of nucleotide Adenine is equal to Guanine, is mutated to gene a. When gene a underwent DNA replication, the environment provided 2398 nucleotides. Which kind of mutation that gene A had?
13) Which nucleotide monomer is REPLACED by the nucleotide URACIL (U) when a gene (DNA) is...
13) Which nucleotide monomer is REPLACED by the nucleotide URACIL (U) when a gene (DNA) is converted to an mRNA during the process of transcription? A) Adenine B) Guanine C) Cytosine D) Thymine 14) Different RNA molecules have diverse roles in cell biology; for example- mRNAs are the substrates for protein synthesis, which is performed by a large enzyme complex called the ribosome- a cellular machine composed of proteins and: A) siRNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) All of these...
Sort the following structures in order decreasing complexity Nucleotide DNA polymerase Adenine Y Chromosome Human Genome...
Sort the following structures in order decreasing complexity Nucleotide DNA polymerase Adenine Y Chromosome Human Genome Nitrogen Neutron
A mitochondrial membrane complex consisting of ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide translocase (ATP-ADP translocase), and phosphate translocase...
A mitochondrial membrane complex consisting of ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide translocase (ATP-ADP translocase), and phosphate translocase functions in oxidative phosphorylation. Adenine nucleotide translocase, an antiporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, moves ADP into the matrix and ATP out. Phosphate translocase is also located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports H ions and phosphate (H2PO4–) ions into the matrix.
Predict what will happen to the expression of β-galactosidase (lacZ gene) in a mutant strain lacking...
Predict what will happen to the expression of β-galactosidase (lacZ gene) in a mutant strain lacking lacI-gene (cells are not able to produce LacI-protein): A. lacZ gene will not be expressed. B. lacZ gene will be expressed only when both lactose and glucose are present. C. lacZ gene will be expressed only in the presence of lactose; maximum expression will be observed in the absence of glucose. D.lacZ gene will not be repressed; maximum expression will be observed in the...
A small section of a gene for a protein has the following nucleotide sequence: CCT AAG...
A small section of a gene for a protein has the following nucleotide sequence: CCT AAG GAT TCA CTT Which of the following mutations would cause a missense mutation in the sequence shown above? Select one: a. Replacement of second thymine base with adenine base b. Replacement of second guanine base with adenine base c. Replacement of first thymine base with cytosine base d. Replacement of first guanine base with cytosine base I thought a? A small section of bacterial...
Multiple Choice: The nucleotide sequence below represents a gene along the length of part of a...
Multiple Choice: The nucleotide sequence below represents a gene along the length of part of a chromosome. Below the DNA is a pool of tRNA’s with their attached amino acids: the three nucleotides represent the anticodon and the number above each anticodon symbolizes a particular amino acid attached to that tRNA. Using your knowledge of the steps involved in how genes code for proteins, determine which of the amino acid (number) sequences below would correspond with the expected polypeptide chain...
Describe how a single nucleotide insertion in the coding sequence of a gene would affect the...
Describe how a single nucleotide insertion in the coding sequence of a gene would affect the production of the protein (polypeptide) the gene encodes.
1. How does an automated gene sequencer detect the specific nucleotide at the end of a...
1. How does an automated gene sequencer detect the specific nucleotide at the end of a DNA fragment? 2.How is genotyping different from genome sequencing?
1. Below is a partial nucleotide sequence of a bacterial gene. Please use BLASTN to find...
1. Below is a partial nucleotide sequence of a bacterial gene. Please use BLASTN to find the putative function of this gene. Please show your BLAST results and give brief justification. (30 points) CGGGTTGTAAAGCTCTTTCGGACGGAAAGAAATCGCGCGGGCTAATATCCCGCGTGGATGACGGTACCGT AAGAAGAAGCACCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGTGCGAGCGTTAATCGGAAT TACTGGGCGTAAAGCGTGCGCAGGCGGTTTTGTAAGACAGGTGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTTAACCTGGGAAC TGCGCTTGTGACTGCAAGGCTAGAGTACGGCAGAGGGGGGTGGAAT 2. Below is a partial amino acid sequence of a bacterial gene. Please use BLASTP to find the putative function of this gene. Please show your BLAST results and give brief justification. (30 points) FEQVVEGLSGIAASMKLGPGIDPGTQIGPLVSAIQIQRVLGYIESGFAEGAKAATGGAAGGGEGYFVKPTVLQVENT HDAMKVVREEIFGPVVVAMPYEDLDEV 3. For the two sequences above, is...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT